Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/EFE Energies"

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=Properties of Homogeneous Ellipsoids (2)=
=Properties of Homogeneous Ellipsoids (2)=


In addition to pulling from &sect;53 of [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|Chandrasekhar's EFE]], here, we lean heavily on the papers by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W M. D. Weinberg &amp; S. Tremaine (1983, ApJ, 271, 586)] (hereafter, WT83) and by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C D. M. Christodoulou, D. Kazanas, I. Shlosman, &amp; J. E. Tohline (1995, ApJ, 446, 472)] (hereafter, Paper I).
In addition to pulling from &sect;53 of [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|Chandrasekhar's EFE]], here, we lean heavily on the papers by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W/abstract M. D. Weinberg &amp; S. Tremaine (1983, ApJ, 271, 586)] (hereafter, WT83) and by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract D. M. Christodoulou, D. Kazanas, I. Shlosman, &amp; J. E. Tohline (1995a, ApJ, 446, 472)] (hereafter, Paper I).
 
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==Sequence-Defining Dimensionless Parameters==
==Sequence-Defining Dimensionless Parameters==
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[ [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;48, Eq. (31)</font> ]<br />
[ [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;48, Eq. (31)</font> ]<br />
[ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W WT83], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (5)</font> ]<br />
[ [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W/abstract WT83], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (5)</font> ]<br />
[ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.1)</font> ]<br />
[ [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.1)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>
where, <math>~\zeta</math> is the system's vorticity as measured in a frame rotating with angular velocity, <math>~\Omega</math>.  Alternatively, we can use the dimensionless parameter,
where, <math>~\zeta</math> is the system's vorticity as measured in a frame rotating with angular velocity, <math>~\Omega</math>.  Alternatively, we can use the dimensionless parameter,
Line 48: Line 49:
</table>
</table>
[ [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;48, Eq. (40)</font> ]<br />
[ [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;48, Eq. (40)</font> ]<br />
[ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.2)</font> ]<br />
[ [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.2)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>
or,
or,
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</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
[ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W WT83], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (4)</font> ]<br />
[ [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...271..586W/abstract WT83], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (4)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>


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[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (239)</font> ]<br />
[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (239)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.7)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.7)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>
where &#8212; see an [[User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/HomogeneousEllipsoids#Triaxial_Configurations|accompanying discussion]] for the definitions of <math>~A_1</math>, <math>~A_2</math>, and  <math>~A_3</math>,
where &#8212; see an [[User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/HomogeneousEllipsoids#Triaxial_Configurations|accompanying discussion]] for the definitions of <math>~A_1</math>, <math>~A_2</math>, and  <math>~A_3</math>,
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[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (239)</font> ]<br />
[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (239)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.8)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.8)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>


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[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (240)</font> ]<br />
[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (240)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.5)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.5)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>


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[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (241)</font> ]<br />
[ 1<sup>st</sup> expression &#8212; [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|EFE]], <font color="#00CC00">&sect;53, Eq. (241)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.6)</font> ]<br />
[ 2<sup>nd</sup> expression &#8212; [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (2.6)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>


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</table>
</table>


[ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (3.4)</font> ]<br />
[ [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I], <font color="#00CC00">Eq. (3.4)</font> ]<br />
</div>
</div>




Note that, based on the units chosen in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I],  <math>~M = 5</math>, and <math>~abc = 15/4</math>.
Note that, based on the units chosen in [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C/abstract Paper I],  <math>~M = 5</math>, and <math>~abc = 15/4</math>.


=Aside:  Chandra's Notation=
=Aside:  Chandra's Notation=
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Acknowledging that we are primarily interested in identifying extrema of this free-energy function, the discussion presented in &sect;3.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)] shows us how to reduce the dimensionality of this problem by one.  There, it is shown that, as long as <math>~\tfrac{b}{a} \ne 1</math>, extrema exist in the <math>~x</math>-coordinate direction &#8212; that is, <math>~\partial E_L/\partial x = 0</math> &#8212; only if <math>~x = 0.</math>  For a given choice of <math>~L</math>, therefore, the relevant ''two-dimensional'' free-energy surface is defined by the expression,
Acknowledging that we are primarily interested in identifying extrema of this free-energy function, the discussion presented in &sect;3.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I] shows us how to reduce the dimensionality of this problem by one.  There, it is shown that, as long as <math>~\tfrac{b}{a} \ne 1</math>, extrema exist in the <math>~x</math>-coordinate direction &#8212; that is, <math>~\partial E_L/\partial x = 0</math> &#8212; only if <math>~x = 0.</math>  For a given choice of <math>~L</math>, therefore, the relevant ''two-dimensional'' free-energy surface is defined by the expression,


<div align="center">
<div align="center">
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</div>
</div>


Figure 3 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)] presents a black-and-white contour plot of this <math>~E_L</math> function for the specific case of <math>~L = 4.71488</math>, which, for reference, is the total angular momentum of an equilibrium [[User:Tohline/Apps/MaclaurinSpheroids#Maclaurin_Spheroids_.28axisymmetric_structure.29|Maclaurin spheroid]] having an eccentricity, <math>~e = 0.85</math> (see [[#Table1|Table 1, below]]).  We have digitally extracted this black-and-white contour plot from p. 477 of the (PDF-formatted) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)] publication and have reprinted it as the left-hand panel of our Figure 1.  Note that we have flipped the plot horizontally and rotated it by 90&deg; so that the orientation of the axis pair, <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math>, conforms with the orientation of a related, information-rich diagram presented by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142..890C Chandrasekhar (1965)] &#8212; see also our [[User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/JacobiEllipsoids#Sequence_Plots|accompanying discussion of equilibrium sequence plots]].   
Figure 3 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I] presents a black-and-white contour plot of this <math>~E_L</math> function for the specific case of <math>~L = 4.71488</math>, which, for reference, is the total angular momentum of an equilibrium [[User:Tohline/Apps/MaclaurinSpheroids#Maclaurin_Spheroids_.28axisymmetric_structure.29|Maclaurin spheroid]] having an eccentricity, <math>~e = 0.85</math> (see [[#Table1|Table 1, below]]).  We have digitally extracted this black-and-white contour plot from p. 477 of the (PDF-formatted) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I] publication and have reprinted it as the left-hand panel of our Figure 1.  Note that we have flipped the plot horizontally and rotated it by 90&deg; so that the orientation of the axis pair, <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math>, conforms with the orientation of a related, information-rich diagram presented by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142..890C/abstract Chandrasekhar (1965)] &#8212; see also our [[User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/JacobiEllipsoids#Sequence_Plots|accompanying discussion of equilibrium sequence plots]].   


<div align="center" id="Figure1">
<div align="center" id="Figure1">
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<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center" width="240px"><b>Left-hand Panel:</b><br />Black-and-white contour plot<br />
   <td align="center" width="240px"><b>Left-hand Panel:</b><br />Black-and-white contour plot<br />
extracted from p. 477 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)]<br />
extracted from p. 477 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I]<br />
"''Phase-Transition Theory of Instabilities.  I. Second-Harmonic Instability and Bifurcation Points''"<p></p>
"''Phase-Transition Theory of Instabilities.  I. Second-Harmonic Instability and Bifurcation Points''"<p></p>
ApJ, vol. 446, pp. 472-484 &copy; [http://aas.org/ AAS]
ApJ, vol. 446, pp. 472-484 &copy; [http://aas.org/ AAS]
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</div>
</div>


In our Figure 2, this same <math>~E_L</math> function has been displayed as a warped, two-dimensional free-energy surface draped across the three-dimensional <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a},E)</math> domain, where depth as well as color has been used to tag energy values.  The two-dimensional, colored contour plot presented in the right-hand panel of our Figure 1 results from the projection of this free-energy surface onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane; it reproduces in quantitative detail the black-and-white contour plot that we have extracted from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)].  In an effort to (qualitatively) illustrate this agreement, we have digitally "pasted" the black-and-white contour plot from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)] onto our colored contour plot and presented the combined image in the middle panel of our Figure 1.  
In our Figure 2, this same <math>~E_L</math> function has been displayed as a warped, two-dimensional free-energy surface draped across the three-dimensional <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a},E)</math> domain, where depth as well as color has been used to tag energy values.  The two-dimensional, colored contour plot presented in the right-hand panel of our Figure 1 results from the projection of this free-energy surface onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane; it reproduces in quantitative detail the black-and-white contour plot that we have extracted from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I].  In an effort to (qualitatively) illustrate this agreement, we have digitally "pasted" the black-and-white contour plot from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I] onto our colored contour plot and presented the combined image in the middle panel of our Figure 1.  




Our Figure 2 image of the free-energy surface helps illuminate the description of this surface that appears in the caption of Fig. 3 from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)].  Quoting from that figure caption:&nbsp; "The [equilibrium] Maclaurin spheroid sits on a saddle point <math>~[(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (1.0,0.52678); E_0 = -7.81842]</math>, while a global minimum with  <math>~E_0 = -7.83300</math> exists at <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (0.588,0.428)</math>."
Our Figure 2 image of the free-energy surface helps illuminate the description of this surface that appears in the caption of Fig. 3 from [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I].  Quoting from that figure caption:&nbsp; "The [equilibrium] Maclaurin spheroid sits on a saddle point <math>~[(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (1.0,0.52678); E_0 = -7.81842]</math>, while a global minimum with  <math>~E_0 = -7.83300</math> exists at <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (0.588,0.428)</math>."


<div align="center" id="Figure2">
<div align="center" id="Figure2">
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</div>
</div>


===Animation===


The animation sequence presented, below, as Figure 3 displays the warped free-energy surface (right) in conjunction with its projection onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane (left) for configurations having thirteen different total angular momentum values, <math>~L</math>, as detailed in column 3 of Table 1.  The four-digit number that tags each frame of this animation sequence identifies the eccentricity (column 1 of Table 1) of the Maclaurin spheroid that is associated with each selected value of <math>~L</math>.  In each frame of the animation, the equilibrium configuration associated with that Maclaurin spheroid is identified by the extremum of the free energy that appears along the right-hand edge <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a} = 1)</math> of the warped surface.  For values of <math>~e < 0.81267</math> &#8212; corresponding to <math>~L < 4.23296</math> &#8212; the Maclaurin spheroid sits at the location of the absolute minimum of the free-energy surface and the configuration is stable.  But for all larger values of the eccentricity/angular momentum, the Maclaurin spheroid is associated with a ''saddle point'' of the free-energy surface &#8212; that is, the configuration is in equilibrium, but it is (secularly) unstable &#8212; and the absolute energy minimum shifts off-axis to the location of a Jacobi ellipsoid having the same total angular momentum, As [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)] point out, evolution from the unstable axisymmetric equilibrium configuration to the stable triaxial configuration occurs along the narrow valley/canyon connecting the two extrema of the free energy.
The animation sequence presented, below, as Figure 3 displays the warped free-energy surface (right) in conjunction with its projection onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane (left) for configurations having nineteen different total angular momentum values, <math>~L</math>, as detailed in column 5 of Table 1.  The four-digit number that tags each frame of this animation sequence identifies the eccentricity (column 1 of Table 1) of the Maclaurin spheroid that is associated with each selected value of <math>~L</math>.  In each frame of the animation, the equilibrium configuration associated with that Maclaurin spheroid is identified by the extremum of the free energy that appears along the right-hand edge <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a} = 1)</math> of the warped surface.  For values of <math>~e < 0.81267</math> &#8212; corresponding to <math>~L < 4.23296</math> &#8212; the Maclaurin spheroid (marked by a small white circle/sphere) sits at the location of the absolute minimum of the free-energy surface and the configuration is stable.  But for all larger values of the eccentricity/angular momentum, the Maclaurin spheroid (marked by a small dark-blue circle/sphere) is associated with a ''saddle point'' of the free-energy surface &#8212; that is, the configuration is in equilibrium, but it is (secularly) unstable &#8212; and the absolute energy minimum shifts off-axis to the location of a Jacobi ellipsoid (marked by a small white circle/sphere) having the same total angular momentum. As [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I] points out, evolution from the unstable axisymmetric equilibrium configuration to the stable triaxial configuration occurs along the narrow valley/canyon connecting the two extrema of the free energy.




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<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center" colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCFFFF">
   <td align="center" colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCFFFF">
[[File:MergedFreeEnergy.gif|600px|Christodoulou1995Fig3 Flipped]]
[[File:JacobiMaclaurin2.gif|640px|Animation related to Fig. 3 from Christodoulou1995]]
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="500px">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="500px">
<tr>
<tr>
   <th align="center" colspan="8"><font size="+1">Table 1:</font>&nbsp; Parameter Values Associated with Figure 3</th>
   <td align="center" colspan="8"><b><font size="+1">Table 1:</font>&nbsp; Parameter Values Associated with Each Frame
of the Figure 3 Animation</b><br />
(parameter values associated with Figures 1 &amp; 2 are highlighted in pink)
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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   <td align="center"><math>~\frac{c}{a}</math></td>
   <td align="center"><math>~\frac{c}{a}</math></td>
   <td align="center"><math>~E_\mathrm{Jac}</math></td>
   <td align="center"><math>~E_\mathrm{Jac}</math></td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.650</td>
  <td align="center">0.7599342</td>
  <td align="center">-8.9018255</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">2.8270256</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.675</td>
  <td align="center">0.7378177</td>
  <td align="center">-8.8165100</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">2.9985043</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.700</td>
  <td align="center">0.7141428</td>
  <td align="center">-8.7216343</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">3.1820090</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.725</td>
  <td align="center">0.6887489</td>
  <td align="center">-8.6155943</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">3.3796768</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.750</td>
  <td align="center">0.66143783</td>
  <td align="center">-8.4963506</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">3.5942337</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">0.775</td>
  <td align="center">0.6319612</td>
  <td align="center">-8.3612566</td>
  <td align="center">0.0</td>
  <td align="center">3.8292360</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
  <td align="center">---</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center">0.850</td>  
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">0.850</td>  
   <td align="center">0.5267827</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">0.5267827</td>
   <td align="center">-7.8184175</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">-7.8184175</td>
   <td align="center">0.3232</td>
   <td align="center">0.3232</td>
   <td align="center">4.7148806</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">4.7148806</td>
   <td align="center">0.587337</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">0.587337</td>
   <td align="center">0.427750</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">0.427750</td>
   <td align="center">-7.833003</td>
   <td align="center" bgcolor="pink">-7.833003</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="8"><sup>&dagger;</sup>Here, the units of angular momentum are as used in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Christodoulou et al. (1995)].  In order to convert to units of <math>~L</math> as used in EFE (see, for example, Table I, in Chapter 5, &sect;32), multiply by <math>~[2^2/(3\cdot 5^{10})]^{1/6} = 0.0717585</math>.  
<td align="left" colspan="8"><sup>&dagger;</sup>Here, the units of angular momentum are as used in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...446..472C Paper I].  In order to convert to units of <math>~L</math> as used in EFE (see, for example, Table I, in Chapter 5, &sect;32), multiply by <math>~[2^2/(3\cdot 5^{10})]^{1/6} = 0.0717585</math>.  
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>

Latest revision as of 19:42, 25 July 2020


Properties of Homogeneous Ellipsoids (2)

In addition to pulling from §53 of Chandrasekhar's EFE, here, we lean heavily on the papers by M. D. Weinberg & S. Tremaine (1983, ApJ, 271, 586) (hereafter, WT83) and by D. M. Christodoulou, D. Kazanas, I. Shlosman, & J. E. Tohline (1995a, ApJ, 446, 472) (hereafter, Paper I).

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface
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Sequence-Defining Dimensionless Parameters

A Riemann sequence of S-type ellipsoids is defined by the value of the dimensionless parameter,

<math>~f</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\frac{\zeta}{\Omega} = </math> constant,

[ EFE, §48, Eq. (31) ]
[ WT83, Eq. (5) ]
[ Paper I, Eq. (2.1) ]

where, <math>~\zeta</math> is the system's vorticity as measured in a frame rotating with angular velocity, <math>~\Omega</math>. Alternatively, we can use the dimensionless parameter,

<math>~x</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\biggl[\frac{ab}{a^2 + b^2} \biggr]f \, ,</math>

[ EFE, §48, Eq. (40) ]
[ Paper I, Eq. (2.2) ]

or,

<math>~\Lambda</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~-\biggl[\frac{ab}{a^2 + b^2} \biggr] \Omega f = -\Omega x \, .</math>

[ WT83, Eq. (4) ]

Conserved Quantities

Algebraic expressions for the conserved energy, <math>~E</math>, angular momentum, <math>~L</math>, and circulation, <math>~C</math>, are, respectively,

<math>~E</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2}v^2 + \frac{1}{2}(a^2 + b^2)(\Lambda^2 + \Omega^2) - 2ab\Lambda\Omega - 2I </math>

 

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~\cancelto{0}{\frac{1}{2}v^2} + \frac{1}{2} [(a+bx)^2 + (b+ax)^2]\Omega^2 - 2I \, ,</math>

[ 1st expression — EFE, §53, Eq. (239) ]
[ 2nd expression — Paper I, Eq. (2.7) ]

where — see an accompanying discussion for the definitions of <math>~A_1</math>, <math>~A_2</math>, and <math>~A_3</math>,

<math>~I</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~A_1a^2 + A_2b^2 + A_3c^2 \, ;</math>

[ 1st expression — EFE, §53, Eq. (239) ]
[ 2nd expression — Paper I, Eq. (2.8) ]

<math>~\frac{5L}{M}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(a^2 + b^2)\Omega - 2ab\Lambda</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (a^2 + b^2 + 2abx)\Omega \, ;</math>

[ 1st expression — EFE, §53, Eq. (240) ]
[ 2nd expression — Paper I, Eq. (2.5) ]

<math>~\frac{5C}{M}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(a^2 + b^2)\Lambda - 2ab\Omega</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~- [2ab + (a^2 + b^2)x ]\Omega \, .</math>

[ 1st expression — EFE, §53, Eq. (241) ]
[ 2nd expression — Paper I, Eq. (2.6) ]

If we rewrite the expression for the system's free energy in terms of <math>~L</math> (and x) instead of <math>~\Omega</math> (and x), we have,

<math>~E</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{5L}{M}\biggr)^2 \frac{(a+bx)^2 + (b+ax)^2}{(a^2 + b^2 + 2abx)^2} - 2I \, ,</math>

[ Paper I, Eq. (3.4) ]


Note that, based on the units chosen in Paper I, <math>~M = 5</math>, and <math>~abc = 15/4</math>.

Aside: Chandra's Notation

According to equation (107) in §21 of EFE, it appears as though,

<math>~A_i - A_j</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~- (a_i^2 - a_j^2)A_{ij} \, .</math>

And, according to equation (105) in §21 of EFE, it appears as though,

<math>~B_{ij}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~A_j - a_i^2A_{ij} \, .</math>

So, for example,

<math>~A_{12} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~-\biggl[ \frac{A_1 - A_2}{a_1^2 - a_2^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~B_{12} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~A_2 + a_1^2\biggl[ \frac{A_1 - A_2}{a_1^2 - a_2^2} \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{(a_1^2 - a_2^2)A_2 + a_1^2(A_1 - A_2)}{a_1^2 - a_2^2} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{a_1^2A_1 - a_2^2A_2 }{a_1^2 - a_2^2} \, .</math>

Free Energy Surface(s)

Scope

Consider a self-gravitating ellipsoid having the following properties:

  • Semi-axis lengths, <math>~(x,y,z)_\mathrm{surface} = (a,b,c)</math>, and corresponding volume, <math>~4\pi/(3abc)</math>  ; and consider only the situations <math>0 \le b/a \le 1</math> and <math>0 \le c/a \le 1</math>  ;
  • Total mass, <math>~M</math>  ;
  • Uniform density, <math>~\rho = (3 M)/(4\pi abc) </math>  ;
  • Figure is spinning about its c axis with angular velocity, <math>~\Omega</math>  ;
  • Internal, steady-state flow exhibiting the following characteristics:
    • No vertical (z) motion;
    • Elliptical (x-y plane) streamlines everywhere having an ellipticity that matches that of the overall figure, that is, <math>~e = (1-b^2/a^2)^{1/2}</math>  ;
    • The velocity components, <math>~v_x</math> and <math>~v_y</math>, are linear in the coordinate and, overall, characterized by the magnitude of the vorticity, <math>~\zeta</math>  .

Such a configuration is uniquely specified by the choice of six key parameters:   <math>~a</math>, <math>~b</math>, <math>~c</math>, <math>~M</math>, <math>~\Omega</math>, and <math>~\zeta</math>  .

Free Energy of Incompressible, Constant Mass Systems

We are interested, here, in examining how the free energy of such a system will vary as it is allowed to "evolve" as an incompressible fluid — i.e., holding <math>~\rho</math> fixed — through different ellipsoidal shapes while conserving its total mass. Following Paper I, we choose to set <math>~M = 5</math> — which removes mass from the list of unspecified key parameters — and we choose to set <math>~\rho = \pi^{-1}</math>, which is then reflected in a specification of the semi-axis, <math>~a</math>, in terms of the pair of dimensionless axis ratios, <math>~b/a</math> and <math>~c/a</math>, namely,

<math>~a^3</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{3Ma^2}{4\pi(bc)\rho} = \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1}\, .</math>

Moving forward, then, a unique ellipsoidal configuration is identified via the specification of four, rather than six, key parameters —   <math>~b/a</math>, <math>~c/a</math>, <math>~\Omega</math>, and <math>~x</math>   — and the free energy of that configuration is given by the expression,

<math>~E\biggl(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{c}{a}, \Omega, x\biggr)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{a^2}{2} \biggl[\biggl(1+\frac{b}{a} \cdot x\biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}+x\biggr)^2\biggr]\Omega^2 - 2I </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr]^{2/3} \biggl\{\frac{1}{2} \biggl[\biggl(1+\frac{b}{a} \cdot x\biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}+x\biggr)^2\biggr]\Omega^2 - \frac{2I}{a^2}\biggr\} \, ,</math>

where,

<math>~x</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\biggl[\frac{(b/a)}{1 + (b/a)^2} \biggr]\frac{\zeta}{\Omega} \, ,</math>

<math>~\frac{I}{a^2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[A_1 + A_2\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2 + A_3\biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggr] \, ,</math>

and the functional behavior of the coefficients, <math>~A_1</math>, <math>~A_2</math>, and <math>~A_3</math>, are given by the expressions provided in an accompanying discussion.


Alternatively, replacing <math>~\Omega</math> in favor of <math>~L</math>, we have,

<math>~E\biggl(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{c}{a}, L, x\biggr)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{L^2}{2a^2} \biggl[ \biggl(1+\frac{b}{a}\cdot x \biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}+x \biggr)^2 \biggr] \biggl[ 1 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2 + 2\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)x \biggr]^{-2} - 2I </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{L^2}{2} \biggl[ \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr]^{-2/3} \biggl[ \biggl(1+\frac{b}{a}\cdot x \biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}+x \biggr)^2 \biggr] \biggl[ 1 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2 + 2\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)x \biggr]^{-2} </math>

 

 

<math>~- 2\biggl[ \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr]^{2/3} \biggl[A_1 + A_2\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2 + A_3\biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggr]\, .</math>


Adopted Evolutionary Constraints

Conserve Only L

Let's fix the total angular momentum, <math>~L</math>, of a triaxial configuration and examine how the configuration's free energy varies as we allow it to contort through different triaxial shapes — that is, as its pair of axis ratios varies, always maintaining <math>~\tfrac{b}{a} < 1</math> — and as we vary <math>~x</math>, which characterizes the fraction of angular momentum that is stored in internal spin versus overall figure rotation. The desired free-energy function, <math>~E(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}, x)|_L</math>, has just been defined, but visualizing its behavior is difficult because, in this situation, the free energy is a warped, three-dimensional surface draped across the four-dimensional domain, <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}, x, E_L)</math>.


Acknowledging that we are primarily interested in identifying extrema of this free-energy function, the discussion presented in §3.2 of Paper I shows us how to reduce the dimensionality of this problem by one. There, it is shown that, as long as <math>~\tfrac{b}{a} \ne 1</math>, extrema exist in the <math>~x</math>-coordinate direction — that is, <math>~\partial E_L/\partial x = 0</math> — only if <math>~x = 0.</math> For a given choice of <math>~L</math>, therefore, the relevant two-dimensional free-energy surface is defined by the expression,

<math>~E\biggl(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{c}{a}, x=0\biggr)\biggr|_L</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{L^2}{2} \biggl[ \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr]^{-2/3} \biggl[ 1 + \biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{-1} </math>

 

 

<math>~ - 2\biggl[ \frac{15}{4}\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr]^{2/3} \biggl[A_1 + A_2\biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr)^2 + A_3\biggl(\frac{c}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggr]\, .</math>

Figure 3 of Paper I presents a black-and-white contour plot of this <math>~E_L</math> function for the specific case of <math>~L = 4.71488</math>, which, for reference, is the total angular momentum of an equilibrium Maclaurin spheroid having an eccentricity, <math>~e = 0.85</math> (see Table 1, below). We have digitally extracted this black-and-white contour plot from p. 477 of the (PDF-formatted) Paper I publication and have reprinted it as the left-hand panel of our Figure 1. Note that we have flipped the plot horizontally and rotated it by 90° so that the orientation of the axis pair, <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math>, conforms with the orientation of a related, information-rich diagram presented by Chandrasekhar (1965) — see also our accompanying discussion of equilibrium sequence plots.

Figure 1: Free-Energy Surface Projected onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> Plane

Christodoulou1995Fig3 Flipped

Both 2D contour plots overlaid

Our 2D colored contour plot

All three contour plots show how the free-energy, <math>~E_L</math>, varies across the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a}, \tfrac{c}{a})</math> domain for the specific case of <math>~L = 4.71488</math>. Horizontal axis is <math>~0 \le \tfrac{b}{a} \le 1</math> and vertical axis is <math>~0 \le \tfrac{c}{a} \le 1</math>.

Left-hand Panel:
Black-and-white contour plot

extracted from p. 477 of Paper I

"Phase-Transition Theory of Instabilities. I. Second-Harmonic Instability and Bifurcation Points"

ApJ, vol. 446, pp. 472-484 © AAS

Middle Panel:
Black-and-white contour plot digitally overlaid on color contour plot.
Right-hand Panel:
Color contour plot
created here as a projection of the free-energy surface shown in Fig. 2.

In our Figure 2, this same <math>~E_L</math> function has been displayed as a warped, two-dimensional free-energy surface draped across the three-dimensional <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a},E)</math> domain, where depth as well as color has been used to tag energy values. The two-dimensional, colored contour plot presented in the right-hand panel of our Figure 1 results from the projection of this free-energy surface onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane; it reproduces in quantitative detail the black-and-white contour plot that we have extracted from Paper I. In an effort to (qualitatively) illustrate this agreement, we have digitally "pasted" the black-and-white contour plot from Paper I onto our colored contour plot and presented the combined image in the middle panel of our Figure 1.


Our Figure 2 image of the free-energy surface helps illuminate the description of this surface that appears in the caption of Fig. 3 from Paper I. Quoting from that figure caption:  "The [equilibrium] Maclaurin spheroid sits on a saddle point <math>~[(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (1.0,0.52678); E_0 = -7.81842]</math>, while a global minimum with <math>~E_0 = -7.83300</math> exists at <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a}) = (0.588,0.428)</math>."

Figure 2: Free-Energy Surface

Christodoulou1995Fig3 Flipped

Animation

The animation sequence presented, below, as Figure 3 displays the warped free-energy surface (right) in conjunction with its projection onto the <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a},\tfrac{c}{a})</math> plane (left) for configurations having nineteen different total angular momentum values, <math>~L</math>, as detailed in column 5 of Table 1. The four-digit number that tags each frame of this animation sequence identifies the eccentricity (column 1 of Table 1) of the Maclaurin spheroid that is associated with each selected value of <math>~L</math>. In each frame of the animation, the equilibrium configuration associated with that Maclaurin spheroid is identified by the extremum of the free energy that appears along the right-hand edge <math>~(\tfrac{b}{a} = 1)</math> of the warped surface. For values of <math>~e < 0.81267</math> — corresponding to <math>~L < 4.23296</math> — the Maclaurin spheroid (marked by a small white circle/sphere) sits at the location of the absolute minimum of the free-energy surface and the configuration is stable. But for all larger values of the eccentricity/angular momentum, the Maclaurin spheroid (marked by a small dark-blue circle/sphere) is associated with a saddle point of the free-energy surface — that is, the configuration is in equilibrium, but it is (secularly) unstable — and the absolute energy minimum shifts off-axis to the location of a Jacobi ellipsoid (marked by a small white circle/sphere) having the same total angular momentum. As Paper I points out, evolution from the unstable axisymmetric equilibrium configuration to the stable triaxial configuration occurs along the narrow valley/canyon connecting the two extrema of the free energy.


Figure 3: Animation

Animation related to Fig. 3 from Christodoulou1995


Table 1:  Parameter Values Associated with Each Frame

of the Figure 3 Animation
(parameter values associated with Figures 1 & 2 are highlighted in pink)

Maclaurin Spheroid <math>~L^\dagger</math> Jacobi Ellipsoids
<math>~e</math> <math>~\frac{c}{a}</math> <math>~E_L</math> <math>~E_\mathrm{plot}^\ddagger</math> <math>~\frac{b}{a}</math> <math>~\frac{c}{a}</math> <math>~E_\mathrm{Jac}</math>
0.650 0.7599342 -8.9018255 0.0 2.8270256 --- --- ---
0.675 0.7378177 -8.8165100 0.0 2.9985043 --- --- ---
0.700 0.7141428 -8.7216343 0.0 3.1820090 --- --- ---
0.725 0.6887489 -8.6155943 0.0 3.3796768 --- --- ---
0.750 0.66143783 -8.4963506 0.0 3.5942337 --- --- ---
0.775 0.6319612 -8.3612566 0.0 3.8292360 --- --- ---
0.790 0.6131068 -8.2711758 0.0 3.9819677 --- --- ---
0.795 0.6066094 -8.2394436 0.0 4.0351072 --- --- ---
0.800 0.6000000 -8.2067933 0.0 4.0894508 --- --- ---
0.805 0.5932748 -8.1731817 0.0 4.1450581 --- --- ---
0.810 0.5864299 -8.1385621 0.0 4.2019932 --- --- ---
0.815 0.5794610 -8.1028846 0.0064 4.2603252 0.880967 0.545588 -8.102934
0.820 0.5723635 -8.0660955 0.0524 4.3201286 0.797543 0.516311 -8.066596
0.825 0.5651327 -8.0281369 0.1116 4.3814839 0.744298 0.496028 -8.029578
0.830 0.5577634 -7.9889461 0.1665 4.4444785 0.702967 0.479341 -7.991848
0.835 0.5502499 -7.9484555 0.2140 4.5092074 0.668439 0.464724 -7.953367
0.840 0.5425864 -7.9065917 0.2551 4.5757737 0.638420 0.451485 -7.914095
0.845 0.5347663 -7.8632747 0.2912 4.6442903 0.611646 0.439241 -7.873990
0.850 0.5267827 -7.8184175 0.3232 4.7148806 0.587337 0.427750 -7.833003
Here, the units of angular momentum are as used in Paper I. In order to convert to units of <math>~L</math> as used in EFE (see, for example, Table I, in Chapter 5, §32), multiply by <math>~[2^2/(3\cdot 5^{10})]^{1/6} = 0.0717585</math>.
<math>~E_\mathrm{plot}</math> is a normalized value of <math>~E_L</math> that has been used for plotting purposes. It's definition is: <math>E_\mathrm{plot} = 0.25*\biggl\{ \log_{10}\biggl[0.0001 + \frac{(E_L + |E_\mathrm{Jac}|)}{|E_\mathrm{Jac}|} \biggr] + 4\biggr\}</math>
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS MACLAURIN SPHEROIDS

          eccenL       covera        omega2      ellChandra          L

            0.815  5.7946096D-01  3.7625539D-01  3.0571438D-01  4.2603252D+00
            0.820  5.7236352D-01  3.8058727D-01  3.1000578D-01  4.3201286D+00
            0.825  5.6513273D-01  3.8489420D-01  3.1440854D-01  4.3814839D+00
            0.830  5.5776339D-01  3.8917054D-01  3.1892894D-01  4.4444785D+00
            0.835  5.5024994D-01  3.9341001D-01  3.2357378D-01  4.5092074D+00
            0.840  5.4258640D-01  3.9760569D-01  3.2835048D-01  4.5757737D+00
            0.845  5.3476630D-01  4.0174986D-01  3.3326712D-01  4.6442903D+00
            0.850  5.2678269D-01  4.0583395D-01  3.3833257D-01  4.7148806D+00
            0.855  5.1862800D-01  4.0984835D-01  3.4355656D-01  4.7876802D+00
            0.860  5.1029403D-01  4.1378236D-01  3.4894980D-01  4.8628384D+00
            0.865  5.0177186D-01  4.1762394D-01  3.5452411D-01  4.9405200D+00
            0.870  4.9305172D-01  4.2135955D-01  3.6029264D-01  5.0209081D+00
            0.875  4.8412292D-01  4.2497391D-01  3.6626999D-01  5.1042063D+00
            0.880  4.7497368D-01  4.2844972D-01  3.7247248D-01  5.1906420D+00
            0.885  4.6559102D-01  4.3176729D-01  3.7891846D-01  5.2804708D+00
            0.890  4.5596052D-01  4.3490417D-01  3.8562861D-01  5.3739810D+00
            0.895  4.4606614D-01  4.3783459D-01  3.9262639D-01  5.4714996D+00
            0.900  4.3588989D-01  4.4052888D-01  3.9993856D-01  5.5733994D+00
            0.905  4.2541157D-01  4.4295266D-01  4.0759585D-01  5.6801086D+00
            0.910  4.1460825D-01  4.4506586D-01  4.1563375D-01  5.7921218D+00
            0.915  4.0345384D-01  4.4682147D-01  4.2409362D-01  5.9100155D+00
            0.920  3.9191836D-01  4.4816395D-01  4.3302405D-01  6.0344667D+00
            0.925  3.7996710D-01  4.4902713D-01  4.4248265D-01  6.1662784D+00
            0.930  3.6755952D-01  4.4933139D-01  4.5253852D-01  6.3064134D+00
            0.935  3.5464771D-01  4.4897998D-01  4.6327550D-01  6.4560401D+00
            0.940  3.4117444D-01  4.4785386D-01  4.7479681D-01  6.6165969D+00
            0.945  3.2707033D-01  4.4580450D-01  4.8723156D-01  6.7898831D+00
            0.950  3.1224990D-01  4.4264348D-01  5.0074442D-01  6.9781934D+00
PROPERTIES OF JACOBI ELLIPSOIDS THAT HAVE THE SAME ANGULAR MOMENTA (L) AS THE ABOVE MACLAURIN SPHEROIDS

      e      b/a       c/a        A1        A2        A3       omega2       a        L_C        L      energy

     0.815  0.880967  0.545588  0.474189  0.557354  0.968456  0.371826  1.983364  0.305714  4.260325 -8.102934
     0.820  0.797543  0.516311  0.441622  0.589410  0.968968  0.366634  2.088279  0.310006  4.320129 -8.066596
     0.825  0.744298  0.496028  0.419233  0.611283  0.969484  0.361394  2.165672  0.314409  4.381484 -8.029578
     0.830  0.702967  0.479341  0.400927  0.629069  0.970004  0.356104  2.232633  0.318929  4.444479 -7.991848
     0.835  0.668439  0.464724  0.384983  0.644489  0.970527  0.350761  2.293990  0.323574  4.509207 -7.953367
     0.840  0.638420  0.451485  0.370620  0.658325  0.971055  0.345362  2.351945  0.328350  4.575774 -7.914095
     0.845  0.611646  0.439241  0.357403  0.671009  0.971588  0.339905  2.407740  0.333267  4.644290 -7.873990
     0.850  0.587337  0.427750  0.345063  0.682812  0.972126  0.334386  2.462170  0.338333  4.714881 -7.833003
     0.855  0.564969  0.416851  0.333417  0.693915  0.972668  0.328802  2.515795  0.343557  4.787680 -7.791082
     0.860  0.544173  0.406427  0.322334  0.704450  0.973216  0.323150  2.569038  0.348950  4.862838 -7.748172
     0.865  0.524676  0.396390  0.311717  0.714514  0.973770  0.317425  2.622239  0.354524  4.940520 -7.704210
     0.870  0.506269  0.386673  0.301490  0.724181  0.974329  0.311624  2.675686  0.360293  5.020908 -7.659127
     0.875  0.488788  0.377221  0.291594  0.733511  0.974895  0.305741  2.729638  0.366270  5.104206 -7.612848
     0.880  0.472100  0.367988  0.281979  0.742554  0.975467  0.299772  2.784332  0.372472  5.190642 -7.565289
     0.885  0.456097  0.358937  0.272604  0.751348  0.976047  0.293710  2.840003  0.378918  5.280471 -7.516357
     0.890  0.440687  0.350033  0.263435  0.759930  0.976635  0.287549  2.896880  0.385629  5.373981 -7.465947
     0.895  0.425792  0.341249  0.254440  0.768329  0.977230  0.281283  2.955205  0.392626  5.471500 -7.413941
     0.900  0.411344  0.332556  0.245593  0.776572  0.977835  0.274902  3.015230  0.399939  5.573399 -7.360207
     0.905  0.397284  0.323929  0.236868  0.784683  0.978449  0.268398  3.077231  0.407596  5.680109 -7.304592
     0.910  0.383556  0.315345  0.228242  0.792685  0.979073  0.261762  3.141512  0.415634  5.792122 -7.246923
     0.915  0.370112  0.306780  0.219694  0.800598  0.979708  0.254980  3.208416  0.424094  5.910016 -7.187000
     0.920  0.356903  0.298209  0.211202  0.808442  0.980356  0.248041  3.278337  0.433024  6.034467 -7.124589
     0.925  0.343885  0.289608  0.202744  0.816240  0.981017  0.240927  3.351732  0.442483  6.166278 -7.059417
     0.930  0.331013  0.280950  0.194298  0.824010  0.981692  0.233621  3.429144  0.452539  6.306413 -6.991160
     0.935  0.318242  0.272206  0.185842  0.831774  0.982384  0.226102  3.511226  0.463276  6.456040 -6.919428
     0.940  0.305523  0.263344  0.177348  0.839558  0.983094  0.218342  3.598775  0.474797  6.616597 -6.843746
     0.945  0.292805  0.254325  0.168790  0.847385  0.983825  0.210310  3.692789  0.487232  6.789883 -6.763530
     0.950  0.280029  0.245105  0.160133  0.855288  0.984579  0.201966  3.794537  0.500744  6.978193 -6.678040

See Also


Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface

© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline
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Recommended citation:   Tohline, Joel E. (2021), The Structure, Stability, & Dynamics of Self-Gravitating Fluids, a (MediaWiki-based) Vistrails.org publication, https://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/citation