User:Tohline/SSC/FreeEnergy/PolytropesEmbedded
Free-Energy of Truncated Polytropes
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In this case, the Gibbs-like free energy is given by the sum of three separate energies,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~W_\mathrm{grav} + \mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm} + P_eV</math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 3\mathcal{A} \biggl[\frac{GM^2}{R} \biggr] + n\mathcal{B} \biggl[ \frac{KM^{(n+1)/n}}{R^{3/n}} \biggr] + \frac{4\pi}{3} \cdot P_e R^3 \, ,</math> |
where the constants,
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<math>~\mathcal{A} \equiv \frac{1}{5} \cdot \frac{\tilde{\mathfrak{f}}_W}{\tilde{\mathfrak{f}}_M^2}</math> |
and |
<math>\mathcal{B} \equiv \biggl(\frac{4\pi}{3} \biggr)^{-1/n} \frac{\tilde{\mathfrak{f}}_A}{\tilde{\mathfrak{f}}_M^{(n+1)/n}} \, ,</math> |
and, as derived elsewhere,
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Structural Form Factors for Pressure-Truncated Polytropes <math>~(n \ne 5)</math> |
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As we have shown separately, for the singular case of <math>~n = 5</math>,
where, <math>~\ell \equiv \tilde\xi/\sqrt{3} </math> |
In general, then, the warped free-energy surface drapes across a four-dimensional parameter "plane" such that,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\mathfrak{G}(R, K, M, P_e) \, .</math> |
In order to effectively visualize the structure of this free-energy surface, we will reduce the parameter space from four to two, in two separate ways: First, we will hold constant the parameter pair, <math>~(K,M)</math>; giving a nod to Kimura's (1981b) nomenclature, we will refer to the resulting function, <math>~\mathfrak{G}_{K,M}(R,P_e)</math>, as a "Case M" free-energy surface because the mass is being held constant. Second, we will hold constant the parameter pair, <math>~(K,P_e)</math>, and examine the resulting "Case P" free-energy surface, <math>~\mathfrak{G}_{K,P_e}(R,M)</math>.
Case M Free-Energy Surface
It is useful to rewrite the free-energy function in terms of dimensionless parameters. Here we need to pick normalizations for energy, radius, and pressure that are expressed in terms of the gravitational constant, <math>~G</math>, and the two fixed parameters, <math>~K</math> and <math>~M</math>. We have chosen to use,
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<math>~R_\mathrm{norm}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{G}{K} \biggr)^n M_\mathrm{tot}^{n-1} \biggr]^{1/(n-3)} \, ,</math> |
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<math>~P_\mathrm{norm}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{K^{4n}}{G^{3(n+1)} M_\mathrm{tot}^{2(n+1)}} \biggr]^{1/(n-3)} \, ,</math> |
which, as is detailed in an accompanying discussion, are similar but not identical to the normalizations used by Horedt (1970) and by Whitworth (1981). The self-consistent energy normalization is,
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<math>~E_\mathrm{norm}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~P_\mathrm{norm} R^3_\mathrm{norm} \, .</math> |
As we have demonstrated elsewhere, after implementing these normalizations, the expression that describes the "Case M" free-energy surface is,
<math> \mathfrak{G}_{K,M}^* \equiv \frac{\mathfrak{G}_{K,M}}{E_\mathrm{norm}} = -3\mathcal{A} \biggl(\frac{R}{R_\mathrm{norm}}\biggr)^{-1} +~ n\mathcal{B} \biggl(\frac{R}{R_\mathrm{norm}}\biggr)^{-3/n} +~ \biggl( \frac{4\pi}{3} \biggr) \frac{P_e}{P_\mathrm{norm}} \biggl(\frac{R}{R_\mathrm{norm}}\biggr)^3 \, , </math>
Given the polytropic index, <math>~n</math>, we expect to obtain a different "Case M" free-energy surface for each choice of the dimensionless truncation radius, <math>~\tilde\xi</math>; this choice will imply corresponding values for <math>~\tilde\theta</math> and <math>~\tilde\theta^'</math> and, hence also, corresponding (constant) values of the coefficients, <math>~\mathcal{A}</math> and <math>~\mathcal{B}</math>.
Case P Free-Energy Surface
Again, it is useful to rewrite the free-energy function in terms of dimensionless parameters. But here we need to pick normalizations for energy, radius, and mass that are expressed in terms of the gravitational constant, <math>~G</math>, and the two fixed parameters, <math>~K</math> and <math>~P_e</math>. As is detailed in an accompanying discussion, we have chosen to use the normalizations defined by Stahler (1983), namely,
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<math>~R_\mathrm{SWS}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl( \frac{n+1}{nG} \biggr)^{1/2} K^{n/(n+1)} P_\mathrm{e}^{(1-n)/[2(n+1)]} \, ,</math> |
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<math>~M_\mathrm{SWS}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl( \frac{n+1}{nG} \biggr)^{3/2} K^{2n/(n+1)} P_\mathrm{e}^{(3-n)/[2(n+1)]} \, .</math> |
The self-consistent energy normalization is,
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<math>~E_\mathrm{SWS} \equiv \biggl( \frac{n}{n+1} \biggr) \frac{GM_\mathrm{SWS}^2}{R_\mathrm{SWS}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl( \frac{n+1}{n} \biggr)^{3/2} G^{-3/2}K^{3n/(n+1)} P_\mathrm{e}^{(5-n)/[2(n+1)]} \, .</math> |
After implementing these normalizations — see our accompanying analysis for details — the expression that describes the "Case P" free-energy surface is,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}_{K,P_e}^* \equiv \frac{\mathfrak{G}_{K,P_e}}{E_\mathrm{SWS}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~- 3 \mathcal{A} \biggl( \frac{n+1}{n} \biggr)\biggl( \frac{M}{M_\mathrm{SWS}}\biggr)^2 \biggl(\frac{R}{R_\mathrm{SWS}}\biggr)^{-1} + n\mathcal{B} \biggl(\frac{M}{M_\mathrm{SWS}}\biggr)^{(n+1)/n} \biggl(\frac{R}{R_\mathrm{SWS}}\biggr)^{-3/n} + \frac{4\pi}{3} \cdot \biggl( \frac{R}{R_\mathrm{SWS}}\biggr)^3 \, . </math> |
Given the polytropic index, <math>~n</math>, we expect to obtain a different "Case P" free-energy surface for each choice of the dimensionless truncation radius, <math>~\tilde\xi</math>; this choice will imply corresponding values for <math>~\tilde\theta</math> and <math>~\tilde\theta^'</math> and, hence also, corresponding (constant) values of the coefficients, <math>~\mathcal{A}</math> and <math>~\mathcal{B}</math>.
Free-Energy of Bipolytropes
In this case, the Gibbs-like free energy is given by the sum of four separate energies,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl[W_\mathrm{grav} + \mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm}\biggr]_\mathrm{core} + \biggl[W_\mathrm{grav} + \mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm}\biggr]_\mathrm{env} \, . </math> |
In addition to specifying (generally) separate polytropic indexes for the core, <math>~n_c</math>, and envelope, <math>~n_e</math>, and an envelope-to-core mean molecular weight ratio, <math>~\mu_e/\mu_c</math>, we will assume that the system is fully defined via specification of the following five physical parameters:
- Total mass, <math>~M_\mathrm{tot}</math>;
- Total radius, <math>~R</math>;
- Interface radius, <math>~R_i</math>, and associated dimensionless interface marker, <math>~q \equiv R_i/R</math>;
- Core mass, <math>~M_c</math>, and associated dimensionless mass fraction, <math>~\nu \equiv M_c/M_\mathrm{tot}</math>;
- Polytropic constant in the core, <math>~K_c</math>.
In general, the warped free-energy surface drapes across a five-dimensional parameter "plane" such that,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\mathfrak{G}(R, K_c, M_\mathrm{tot}, q, \nu) \, .</math> |
Let's begin by providing very rough, approximate expressions for each of these four terms, assuming that <math>~n_c = 5</math> and <math>~n_e = 1</math>.
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<math>~W_\mathrm{grav}\biggr|_\mathrm{core}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~- \mathfrak{a}_c \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot} M_c}{(R_i/2)} \biggr] = - 2\mathfrak{a}_c \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggl(\frac{\nu}{q}\biggr) \biggr] \, ;</math> |
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<math>~W_\mathrm{grav}\biggr|_\mathrm{env}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~- \mathfrak{a}_e \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot} M_e}{(R_i+R)/2} \biggr] = - 2\mathfrak{a}_e \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggl(\frac{1-\nu}{1+q}\biggr) \biggr] \, ;</math> |
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<math>~\mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm}\biggr|_\mathrm{core} = U_\mathrm{int}\biggr|_\mathrm{core} </math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~\mathfrak{b}_c \cdot n_cK_c M_c ({\bar\rho}_c)^{1/n_c} = 5\mathfrak{b}_c \cdot K_c M_\mathrm{tot}\nu \biggl[ \frac{3M_c}{4\pi R_i^3} \biggr]^{1/5} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\mathfrak{b}_c \biggl( \frac{3\cdot 5^5}{2^2\pi} \biggr)^{1/5} K_c (M_\mathrm{tot}\nu)^{6/5} (Rq)^{-3/5} \, ;</math> |
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<math>~\mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm}\biggr|_\mathrm{env} = U_\mathrm{int}\biggr|_\mathrm{env} </math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~\mathfrak{b}_e \cdot n_eK_e M_\mathrm{env} ({\bar\rho}_e)^{1/n_e} = \mathfrak{b}_e \cdot K_e M_\mathrm{tot}(1-\nu) \biggl[ \frac{3M_\mathrm{env}}{4\pi (R^3-R_i^3)} \biggr] </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \mathfrak{b}_e \biggl( \frac{3}{2^2\pi } \biggr) K_e [M_\mathrm{tot}(1-\nu)]^2 [R^3(1-q^3)]^{-1} \, . </math> |
In writing this last expression, it has been necessary to (temporarily) introduce a sixth physical parameter, namely, the polytropic constant that characterizes the envelope material, <math>~K_e</math>. But this constant can be expressed in terms of <math>~K_c</math> via a relation that ensures continuity of pressure across the interface while taking into account the drop in mean molecular weight across the interface, that is,
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<math>~K_e ({\bar\rho}_e)^{(n_e+1)/n_e}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~K_c ({\bar\rho}_c)^{(n_c+1)/n_c}</math> |
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<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ K_e \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr) {\bar\rho}_c\biggr]^{2}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~K_c ({\bar\rho}_c)^{6/5}</math> |
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<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \frac{K_e}{K_c} \biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr)^{2}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{3M_\mathrm{tot}\nu}{4\pi (Rq)^3} \biggr]^{-4/5} \, .</math> |
Hence, the fourth energy term may be rewritten in the form,
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<math>~\mathfrak{S}_\mathrm{therm}\biggr|_\mathrm{env} = U_\mathrm{int}\biggr|_\mathrm{env} </math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~ \mathfrak{b}_e \biggl( \frac{3}{2^2\pi } \biggr) \biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr)^{-2} K_c\biggl[ \frac{3M_\mathrm{tot}\nu}{4\pi (Rq)^3} \biggr]^{-4/5} [M_\mathrm{tot}(1-\nu)]^2 [R^3(1-q^3)]^{-1} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \mathfrak{b}_e \biggl( \frac{3}{2^2\pi } \biggr)^{1/5} \biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr)^{-2} K_c M_\mathrm{tot}^{6/5}R^{-3/5}\biggl[ \frac{q^3}{\nu} \biggr]^{4/5} \frac{(1-\nu)^2}{(1-q^3)} \, . </math> |
Putting all the terms together gives,
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<math>~\mathfrak{G}</math> |
<math>~\approx</math> |
<math>~ - 2\mathfrak{a}_c \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggl(\frac{\nu}{q}\biggr) \biggr] - 2\mathfrak{a}_e \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggl(\frac{1-\nu}{1+q}\biggr) \biggr] + \mathfrak{b}_c \biggl( \frac{3\cdot 5^5}{2^2\pi} \biggr)^{1/5} K_c (M_\mathrm{tot}\nu)^{6/5} (Rq)^{-3/5} </math> |
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<math>~ + \mathfrak{b}_e \biggl( \frac{3}{2^2\pi } \biggr)^{1/5} \biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr)^{-2} K_c M_\mathrm{tot}^{6/5}R^{-3/5}\biggl[ \frac{q^3}{\nu} \biggr]^{4/5} \frac{(1-\nu)^2}{(1-q^3)} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggr] + \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} K_c \biggl[\frac{(\nu M_\mathrm{tot})^{2}}{ qR} \biggr]^{3/5} </math> |
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<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \frac{\mathfrak{G}}{E_\mathrm{norm}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R} \biggr] \biggl(\frac{G^3}{K_c^5}\biggr)^{1/2} + \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl(\frac{\nu^2}{q}\biggr)^{3/5} K_c \biggl[\frac{M_\mathrm{tot}^{2}}{ R} \biggr]^{3/5}\biggl(\frac{G^3}{K_c^5}\biggr)^{1/2} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl[ \frac{R_\mathrm{norm}}{R} \biggr] + \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl(\frac{\nu^2}{q}\biggr)^{3/5} \biggl[\frac{R_\mathrm{norm}}{ R} \biggr]^{3/5} \, , </math> |
where,
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<math>~\mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \mathfrak{a}_c\biggl(\frac{\nu}{q}\biggr) + \mathfrak{a}_e \biggl(\frac{1-\nu}{1+q}\biggr) \biggr] \, ,</math> |
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<math>~\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\biggl( \frac{3}{2^2\pi} \biggr)^{1/5} \biggl[5\mathfrak{b}_c + \mathfrak{b}_e \biggl( \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_c} \biggr)^{-2} \frac{q^3(1-\nu)^2}{\nu^2(1-q^3)} \biggr] \, .</math> |
This means that,
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<math>~\frac{\partial\mathfrak{G}}{\partial R}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ + 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP}\biggl[ \frac{GM_\mathrm{tot}^2 }{R^2} \biggr] - \frac{3}{5} \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} K_c \biggl[\frac{\nu^{2}}{ q} \biggr]^{3/5} M_\mathrm{tot}^{6/5} R^{-8/5} \, . </math> |
Hence, because equilibrium radii are identified by setting <math>~\partial\mathfrak{G}/\partial R = 0</math>, we have,
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<math>~\frac{R_\mathrm{eq}}{R_\mathrm{norm}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[\frac{2\cdot 5 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} }{3\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}}\biggr]^{5/2} \biggl[\frac{ q} {\nu^{2}}\biggr]^{3/2} \, . </math> |
Plugging this back into the expression for the normalized free energy, we have,
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<math>~\frac{\mathfrak{G}(q,\nu)}{E_\mathrm{norm}}\biggr|_{R_\mathrm{eq}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl\{ \biggl[\frac{2\cdot 5 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} }{3\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}}\biggr]^{5/2} \biggl[\frac{ q} {\nu^{2}}\biggr]^{3/2}\biggr\}^{-1} </math> |
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<math>~ + \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl(\frac{\nu^2}{q}\biggr)^{3/5} \biggl\{ \biggl[\frac{2\cdot 5 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} }{3\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}}\biggr]^{5/2} \biggl[\frac{ q} {\nu^{2}}\biggr]^{3/2}\biggr\}^{-3/5} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - 2 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl[\frac{3\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}}{2\cdot 5 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} }\biggr]^{5/2} \biggl[\frac{\nu^{2}}{ q} \biggr]^{3/2} + \mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP} \biggl[\frac{3\mathcal{B}_\mathrm{biP}}{2\cdot 5 \mathcal{A}_\mathrm{biP} }\biggr]^{3/2} \biggl[\frac{\nu^{2}}{ q} \biggr]^{3/2} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl(\frac{3}{2\cdot 5}\biggr)^{3/2}\biggl\{1 - 2 \biggl(\frac{3}{2\cdot 5}\biggr) \biggr\} \biggl[\frac{\nu^{2}}{ q} \biggr]^{3/2} \frac{\mathcal{B}^{5/2}_\mathrm{biP}}{\mathcal{A}^{3/2}_\mathrm{biP} } </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{3^3}{2\cdot 5^5}\biggr) \biggl(\frac{\nu^{6}}{ q^3} \biggr)\frac{\mathcal{B}^{5}_\mathrm{biP}}{\mathcal{A}^{3}_\mathrm{biP} } \biggr]^{1/2} \, . </math> |
See Also
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© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline |