Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates"
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=Using Toroidal Coordinates to Determine the Gravitational Potential= | =Using Toroidal Coordinates to Determine the Gravitational Potential= | ||
==Preface== | |||
<table border="1" width="90%" align="center" cellpadding="15"> | |||
<tr><td align="left"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="8" align="center" width="60%"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<font size="+2"><b>Abstract</b></font><p></p>Joel E. Tohline (September, 2017) | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" width="60%"> | |||
<tr><td align="left"> | |||
<font color="darkgreen"> | |||
"The important question we have tried to clarify concerns the possibility of converting the remaining double integral … into a line integral … this question remains open."</font> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="right"> | |||
— Drawn from §6 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)] | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
It appears as though we have found an answer to this question posed by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, et al. (2012)]. The detailed derivations and associated scratch-work that support the ''summary'' discussion of this chapter can be found under the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates|Appendix/Ramblings category]] of this H_Book and in our accompanying discussion of [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Self-Gravitating.2C_Incompressible_.28Dyson-Wong.29_Tori|Dyson-Wong toroids]]. | |||
== | <table border="0" align="right"><tr><td align="center"> | ||
[[File:ThinRing72cropped.png|225px|center|Gravitational Potential surface for infinitesimally thin hoop]] | |||
</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="center">Infinitesimally Thin Hoop</td></tr></table> | |||
As has been known for approximately a century, at any meridional-plane coordinate location, <math>~(\varpi,z)</math>, the gravitational potential due to an axisymmetric, infinitesimally thin ring (TR) of radius, <math>~a</math>, and total mass, <math>~M</math>, is given by the "key expression," | |||
<table border="0" align="center"><tr><td align="center">{{ User:Tohline/Math/EQ TRApproximation }}</td></tr></table> | |||
and <math>~K(k)</math> is the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EllipticIntegraloftheFirstKind.html complete elliptic integral of the first kind]. Making the coordinate-name substitutions, <math>~(\varpi,z) \rightarrow (R_*,z_*)</math>, to match much of this chapter's variable notation, we have alternatively, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(R_*,Z_*)</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \biggl[ \frac{GM}{\pi} \biggr] \biggl[\frac{k}{(R_*a)^{1 / 2}}\biggr] K(k) \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
A number of research groups (e.g., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...527...86C Cohl & Tohline (1999)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.411..557B Bannikova et al. (2011)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, ''et al.'' (2012)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152...35F Fukushima (2016)]) have recognized that the gravitational potential due to ''any'' axisymmetric configuration of finite extent can be obtained by integrating over the meridional-plane surface area that is occupied by the configuration, while weighting the volume density, <math>~\rho(\varpi,z)</math>, according to the prescription, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Phi(R_*,Z_*)</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \frac{G}{\pi} \iint\limits_\mathrm{config} \biggl[ \frac{\mu}{(R_* \varpi)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] K(\mu) \rho(\varpi, z) 2\pi \varpi d\varpi dz \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
where, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\mu^2</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\biggl[\frac{4R_*\varpi}{(R_* + \varpi)^2 + (Z_* - z)^2} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
We, like [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, et al. (2012)], have wondered whether there is a possibility of converting this double integral into a single (line) integral. This is a particularly challenging task when this expression for the gravitational potential is couched in terms of cylindrical coordinates because the modulus of the elliptic integral is explicitly a function of both <math>~\varpi</math> and <math>~z</math>. | |||
We have recently realized that if a switch is made from cylindrical coordinates to a toroidal coordinate system, <math>~(\eta,\theta)</math>, that is defined such that, | |||
\ | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\varpi = \frac{R_* \sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
and | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~(Z_* - z) = \frac{R_* \sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
then the expression for the modulus of the elliptic integral becomes, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\mu^2</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 63: | Line 105: | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
2\biggl[ 1+\frac{ | 2 \biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\tanh\eta} \biggr]^{-1} \, , | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
which is a function of only one coordinate — the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math> — and the integral expression for the gravitational potential becomes, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Phi(R_*, Z_*)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 76: | Line 122: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~+ 2^{3 / 2} G R_*^{2} | ||
\ | \int\limits_{\eta_\mathrm{min}}^{\eta_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh \eta ~d\eta}{( \sinh \eta +\cosh \eta )^{1 / 2}} | ||
\int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}(\eta)}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}(\eta)} \rho(\eta, \theta) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 83: | Line 131: | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
If the configuration's density is constant, then, as is [[#Integrate|shown below]], the integral over the angular coordinate variable, <math>~\theta</math>, can be completed analytically. Hence, the task of evaluating the gravitational potential (both inside and outside) of a uniform-density, axisymmetric configuration having ''any'' surface shape has been reduced a problem of carrying out a single, line integration. We specifically illustrate how this approach can be used to evaluate the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus with a circular cross-section and aspect ratio, <math>~R/d = 3</math>. | |||
Note: As we have [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Wong_.281973.2C_1974.29|reviewed separately]], it appears as though over forty years ago [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AnPhy..77..279W C.-Y. Wong (1973)] successfully employed toroidal coordinates to derive a closed-form expression for the potential (inside as well as outside) of a uniform-density torus with a circular cross-section; see, for example, his Figure 7. That is to say, he was even able to carry out the final line integral in closed form. We have not (yet) been able to demonstrate that our expression for the potential of a circular-cross-section torus is identical to his. | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
<!-- SLIGHTLY MORE DETAILED ABSTRACT | |||
</ | <table border="1" width="90%" align="center" cellpadding="15"> | ||
< | <tr><td align="left"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="8" align="center" width="60%"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<font size="+2"><b>Abstract</b></font><p></p>Joel E. Tohline (September, 2017) | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" width="60%"> | |||
<tr><td align="left"> | |||
<font color="darkgreen"> | |||
"The important question we have tried to clarify concerns the possibility of converting the remaining double integral … into a line integral … this question remains open."</font> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="right"> | |||
— Drawn from §6 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)] | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
It appears as though we have found an answer to this question posed by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, et al. (2012)]. The detailed derivations and associated scratch-work that support the ''summary'' discussion of this chapter can be found under the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates|Appendix/Ramblings category]] of this H_Book and in our accompanying discussion of [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Self-Gravitating.2C_Incompressible_.28Dyson-Wong.29_Tori|Dyson-Wong toroids]]. | |||
[[File:MacMillanFigure61.png|250px|right|MacMillan (1958, ''The Theory of the Potential'', New York: McGraw-Hill)]]As has been known for approximately a century, at any meridional-plane coordinate location, <math>~(R_*, Z_*)</math>, the gravitational potential due to an infinitesimally thin, axisymmetric "hoop" of radius, <math>~a</math>, and total mass, <math>~M</math>, is given by the expression, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~( | <math>~\Phi(R_*,Z_*)</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 109: | Line 167: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~- \biggl[ \frac{2GM}{\pi \rho_2} \biggr] K(k^2) = | ||
- \biggl[ \frac{GM}{\pi} \biggr] \biggl[\frac{k}{(R_*a)^{1 / 2}}\biggr] K(k^2) \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
where, the pair of (squared) reference distances, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"><math>~\rho_1^2 \equiv [(R_* - a)^2 + Z_*^2] \, ,</math></td> | |||
< | <td align="center"> and | ||
<td align="right"><math>~\rho_2^2 \equiv [(R_* + a)^2 + Z_*^2] \, ,</math></td> | |||
<tr><td align=" | |||
" | |||
< | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
and, <math>~K(k^2)</math> is the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EllipticIntegraloftheFirstKind.html complete elliptic integral of the first kind] for the modulus, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~k^2 = 1 - \biggl(\frac{\rho_1^2}{\rho_2^2}\biggr)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{4R_*a}{(R_*+a)^2 + Z_*^2} \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
A number of research groups (e.g., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...527...86C Cohl & Tohline (1999)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.411..557B Bannikova et al. (2011)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, ''et al.'' (2012)], [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152...35F Fukushima (2016)]) have recognized that the gravitational potential due to ''any'' axisymmetric configuration of finite extent — as opposed to being infinitesimally thin — can be obtained by integrating over the meridional-plane surface area that is occupied by the configuration, while weighting the surface density, <math>~\sigma(\varpi,z)</math>, according to the prescription, | |||
< | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Phi(R_*,Z_*)</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 151: | Line 205: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~- \frac{2G}{R_*^{1 / 2}} \iint\limits_\mathrm{config} \varpi^{1 / 2} \mu K(\mu^2) \sigma(\varpi, z) d\varpi dz = | ||
- \frac{G}{\pi} \iint\limits_\mathrm{config} \biggl[ \frac{\mu}{(R_* \varpi)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] K(\mu^2) \sigma(\varpi, z) 2\pi \varpi d\varpi dz \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
< | where, | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | <math>~\mu^2</math> | ||
~\ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math>~=</math> | ||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~ | ||
\biggl[\frac{4R_*\varpi}{(R_* + \varpi)^2 + (Z_* - z)^2} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
We, like [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, et al. (2012)], have wondered whether there is a possibility of converting this double integral into a single (line) integral. This is a particularly challenging task when the integrals are couched in terms of cylindrical coordinates because the modulus of the elliptic integral is explicitly a function of both <math>~\varpi</math> and <math>~z</math>. | |||
We have recently realized that if a switch is made from cylindrical coordinates to a toroidal coordinate system, <math>~(\eta,\theta)</math>, that is defined such that, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\varpi = \frac{R_* \sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
and | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~(Z_*-z) = \frac{R_* \sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math> | ||
~\frac{\ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
then the expression for the modulus of the elliptic integral becomes, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | <math>~\mu^2</math> | ||
~\ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math>~=</math> | ||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~ | ||
2 \biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\tanh\eta} \biggr]^{-1} \, , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
which is a function of only one coordinate — the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math> — and the integral expression for the gravitational potential becomes, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Phi(R_*, Z_*)</math> | ||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~+ 2^{3 / 2} G R_*^{2} | ||
\int\limits_{\eta_\mathrm{min}}^{\eta_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu^2) \sinh \eta ~d\eta}{( \sinh \eta +\cosh \eta )^{1 / 2}} | |||
\int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}(\eta)}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}(\eta)} \rho(\eta, \theta) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
If the configuration's surface density is constant, then, as is shown below, the integral over the angular coordinate variable, <math>~\theta</math>, can be completed analytically. Hence, the task of evaluating the gravitational potential (both inside and outside) of a uniform-density, axisymmetric configuration having ''any'' surface shape has been reduced a problem of carrying out a single, line integration. We specifically illustrate how this approach can be used to evaluate the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus with a circular cross-section and aspect ratio, <math>~R/d = 3</math>. | |||
< | </td></tr></table> | ||
<table | |||
--> | |||
{{LSU_HBook_headerNoBanner}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 20px; border-style: solid; border-width: 3px border-color: black" | |||
|- | |||
! style="height: 150px; width: 150px;" |[[User:Tohline/H_BookTiledMenu#Axisymmetric_Equilibrium_Structures|Exploring the Use of<br />Toroidal Coordinates<br />to Determine the<br />Gravitational<br /> Potential]] | |||
|} | |||
As I have studied the structure and analyzed the stability of (both self-gravitating and non-self-gravitating) toroidal configurations over the years, I have often wondered whether it might be useful to examine such systems mathematically using a toroidal — or at least a toroidal-like — coordinate system. Is it possible, for example, to build an equilibrium torus for which the density distribution is one-dimensional as viewed from a well-chosen toroidal-like system of coordinates? | |||
I should begin by clarifying my terminology. In volume II (p. 666) of their treatise on [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#MF53|''Methods of Theoretical Physics'', Morse & Feshbach (1953; hereafter MF53)]] define an orthogonal toroidal coordinate system in which the Laplacian is separable.<sup>1</sup> (See details, below.) It is only this system that I will refer to as ''the'' toroidal coordinate system; all other functions that trace out toroidal surfaces but that don't conform precisely to Morse & Feshbach's coordinate system will be referred to as ''toroidal-like.'' | |||
I became particularly interested in this idea while working with Howard Cohl (when he was an LSU graduate student). Howie's dissertation research uncovered a ''Compact Cylindrical Greens Function'' technique for evaluating Newtonian potentials of rotationally flattened (especially axisymmetric) configurations.<sup>2,3</sup> The technique involves a multipole expansion in terms of half-integer-degree Legendre functions of the <math>2^\mathrm{nd}</math> kind — see [http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19 NIST digital library discussion] — where, we have discovered, the argument of this special function is a function only of the ''radial'' coordinate of Morse & Feshbach's orthogonal toroidal coordinate system — see more on this, [[#Connection_With_the_Physical_Problem|below]]. | |||
< | |||
</ | ==Statement of the Problem== | ||
===Expression for the Axisymmetric Potential=== | |||
< | [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...527...86C Cohl & Tohline (1999; hereafter CT99)] derive an expression for the Newtonian gravitational potential in terms of a ''Compact Cylindrical Green's Function'' expansion. They show — see, for example, their equation (31) — that when expressed in terms of cylindrical coordinates, the potential at any meridional location, <math>\varpi = R_*</math> and <math>~Z = Z_*</math>, due to an axisymmetric mass distribution, <math>~\rho(\varpi, Z)</math>, is | ||
< | <div align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math> | ||
\Phi(R_*,Z_*) = - \frac{2Gq_0}{R_*^{1/2}} , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</div> | |||
where, | |||
<math>~=</math> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math> | |||
q_0 = \int_\Sigma \varpi^{1/2} Q_{-1/2}(\Chi) \rho(\varpi, Z) d\sigma, | |||
</math> | |||
</div> | |||
<math>~d\sigma = d\varpi dZ</math> is a differential area element in the meridional plane, and the dimensionless argument (the modulus) of the special function, <math>~Q_{-1/2}</math>, is, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math> | <math> | ||
\Chi \equiv \frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi} . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</div> | |||
Next, following the lead of CT99, we note that according to the Abramowitz & Stegun (1965), | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>Q_{-1/2}(\Chi) = \mu K(\mu) \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
where, the function <math>~K(\mu)</math> is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and, for our particular problem, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\mu^2</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2(1+\Chi)^{-1}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 285: | Line 344: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~ | ||
2\biggl[ 1+\frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi}\biggr]^{-1} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\biggl[\frac{4R_*\varpi}{(R_* + \varpi)^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Hence, we can write, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math> | ||
q_0 = \int\int \varpi^{1/2} \mu K(\mu) \rho(\varpi, Z) d\varpi dZ \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
As has been explained in [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Confirmation_Provided_by_Trova.2C_Hur.C3.A9_and_Hersant|an accompanying set of notes]], this is precisely the same expression for the gravitational potential that [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T A. Trova, J.-M. Huré and F. Hersant (2012; MNRAS, 424, 2635)] used in their study of the potential of self-gravitating, axisymmetric discs. | |||
Our objective, here, is to examine whether or not it might be advantageous to transform this expression to one in which the double integral is performed on a toroidal, rather than a cylindrical, coordinate system. | |||
===Chosen Test Mass Distribution=== | |||
For purposes of illustration, we will follow the lead of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)] — see the left-hand panel of the following figure ensemble — and seek to determine the gravitational potential, both inside and outside, of a uniform-density, equatorial-plane torus whose (pink) meridional cross-section is exactly a circle. More specifically, as illustrated in our Figure 1 — see the right-hand panel of the following figure ensemble — at all azimuthal angles, a cross-section through the (pink) torus is prescribed by the familiar algebraic expression for an off-center circle, namely, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 321: | Line 391: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~(\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 + Z^2</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 327: | Line 397: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~r_t^2 \, .</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div align="center"> | Everywhere inside this toroidal surface we set <math>~\rho(\varpi, Z) = \rho_0</math>, that is, the density is uniform with the value, <math>~\rho_0</math>. | ||
<table border=" | |||
<div align="center" id="THH12Figure4"> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
Figure 4 extracted without modification from p. 2640 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)]<p></p> | |||
"''The Potential of Discs from a 'Mean Green Function' ''"<p></p> | |||
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 424, pp. 2635-2645 © RAS | |||
</td> | |||
<th align="center"><font size="+1">Our Figure 1</font></th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:Figure4THH2012.png|350px|Figure 4 from Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)]] | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:DiagramToroidalCoordinates.png|350px|Diagram of Torus and Toroidal Coordinates]] | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
= | <span id="OffCenterCircle">Notice that another off-center circle — this one with a purple perimeter and otherwise white, rather than pink — appears in our Figure 1 diagram. In the discussion that follows, it will be used to represent the meridional-plane cross-section of one axisymmetric surface in an MF53 toroidal-coordinate system. Here we simply point out that this "surface" is also prescribed by an algebraic expression for an off-center circle, namely,</span> | ||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 370: | Line 444: | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
==Toroidal Coordinates== | |||
[[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits#Toroidal-Coordinate_Integration_Limits|Click here]] to find a supporting, detailed illustration of Toroidal Coordinates and relevant integration limits. | |||
===Properties=== | |||
Here we highlight certain properties and features of the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#MF53|MF53]] toroidal coordinate system; more details can be found in a [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Toroidal_Coordinates|related set of our online notes]]. Most importantly in the context of our discussion, if (at all azimuthal angles) the origin of the toroidal coordinate system is placed at the ''cylindrical-coordinate'' location, <math>~(a, Z_0), </math> the pair of orthogonal coordinates, <math>~(\xi_1, \xi_2)</math>, is related to the cylindrical coordinate pair, <math>~(\varpi, Z)</math>, via the expressions, | |||
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5"> | |||
<tr><th align="center" colspan="1"> </th> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="2">[<font color="red"><b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#MF5|MF53]]</b></font>]</th> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates Wikipedia]</th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | |||
~\frac{\varpi}{a} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math> | |||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math> | |||
~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math> | ||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math> | ||
~\frac{\sinh\tau}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 388: | Line 486: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | |||
~\frac{(Z_0 - Z)}{a} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math> | ||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math> | ||
~\pm~\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math> | ||
~= | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac | <math> | ||
~\frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
An off-center circle — such as the white circle with purple perimeter depicted in our Figure 1 diagram — is generated if a value of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>, is chosen from within the range, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="1">[<font color="red"><b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#MF5|MF53]]</b></font>]</th> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="1">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates Wikipedia]</th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~+1 \leq \xi_1 < \infty</math> | |||
<math>~ | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> or, equivalently </td> | |||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~0 \leq \tau < \infty \, ,</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
and held fixed while the "angular" coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>, is varied over the range, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="1">[<font color="red"><b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#MF5|MF53]]</b></font>]</th> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<th align="center" colspan="1">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates Wikipedia]</th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ -1 \leq \xi_2 \leq +1</math> | |||
<math>~ | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> or, more completely </td> | |||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~-\pi < \theta \leq \pi</math> | ||
\ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Hereafter, we will refer to this <math>~\xi_1</math> = constant circle as a "<math>\xi_1</math>-circle." A <math>\xi_1</math>-circle of radius zero and, hence, the origin of the toroidal coordinate system is associated with the ''upper'' limiting value of the radial coordinate, namely, <math>~\xi_1 = \infty</math>; as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased monotonically, the radius of the circle (for example, the circle of radius, <math>~r_0</math>, in our Figure 1) steadily grows; and the radius of this circle becomes infinite at the radial coordinate's other limiting value, <math>~\xi_1 = 1</math>. | |||
In the <math>~Z = Z_0</math> plane, the location of the inner and outer edges of the toroidal-coordinate surface are determined by setting <math>~\xi_2 = -1</math> (inner) and <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> (outer). Hence, | |||
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | |||
~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center | <td align="center> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac | <math> | ||
\xi_1 | ~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 +1} = \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 - 1)}{(\xi_1 + 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} \, , | ||
\ | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 463: | Line 576: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math> | |||
~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center | <td align="center> | ||
<math>~=</math> | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math> | ||
~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - 1} = \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 + 1)}{(\xi_1 - 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
Hence, also, the (cylindrical) radial location of the "center" of each toroidal-coordinate surface — labeled <math>~R_0</math> in our Figure 1 — is given by the expression, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math> | |||
R_0 = \frac{a}{2} \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} | |||
+ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} \biggr] = \frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</div> | |||
and the surface's cross-sectional radius — labeled <math>~r_0</math> in our Figure 1 — is given by the expression, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math> | |||
r_0 = \frac{a}{2} \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} | |||
- \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} \biggr] = \frac{a}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
This last expression quantifies, and its simplicity reinforces, our earlier statement; that is, as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased monotonically, the radius of the circle, <math>~r_0</math>, steadily grows. The next-to-last expression makes it clear, as well, that <math>~R_0</math> grows larger and, therefore, the location of the center of a <math>\xi_1</math>-circle shifts farther away from the symmetry axis as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased. Notice that, for any off-center circle, the ratio of these to lengths gives the value of the toroidal-coordinate system's dimensionless "radial" coordinate, that is, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 483: | Line 612: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\frac{R_0}{r_0} </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~\biggl[\frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}\biggr] \biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{a}\biggr] | ||
= \xi_1 \, .</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Notice, furthermore, that there is a particular combination of these two lengths that is independent of <math>~\xi_1</math>, namely, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~r_0 \biggl[\biggl( \frac{R_0}{r_0} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 501: | Line 636: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{a^2 | <math>~\frac{a}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggl[\xi_1^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} = a \, .</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
This is a manner in which one can determine the radial position, <math>~a</math>, of the origin of the toroidal coordinate system that could legitimately be associated with any particular off-center circle, such as the white circle with a purple perimeter drawn in our Figure 1. | |||
===Connection With the Physical Problem=== | |||
[[#OffCenterCircle|Earlier]], we stated that the off-center circle with purple perimeter displayed in Figure 1 is prescribed by the algebraic expression, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~(R_0 - \varpi)^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 513: | Line 656: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~r_0^2 \, .</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Let's plug in the "toroidal-coordinate" expressions for each parameter that appears on the left-hand side of this relation and see whether, after simplification, it reduces to the right-hand side. | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
LHS | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 527: | Line 673: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~(R_0 - \varpi)^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 541: | Line 685: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{ | <math>~\biggl[ \frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} - \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 | ||
+ \biggl[\pm~\frac{a(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2}\biggr]^2</math> | |||
+ \biggl[\pm~\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 556: | Line 698: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \biggl\{ | ||
\biggl[ | \biggl[ \xi_1 - \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 | ||
+ \frac{(1-\xi_2^2)} | + \biggl[\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2} }{\xi_1 - \xi_2}\biggr]^2 | ||
\biggr\} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 571: | Line 714: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl\{ | ||
\biggl[ (\xi_1 - \xi_2) | \biggl[ \xi_1(\xi_1-\xi_2) - (\xi_1^2 - 1) \biggr]^2 | ||
+ (1-\xi_2^2) | + (1-\xi_2^2)(\xi_1^2 - 1) | ||
\biggr\} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 586: | Line 730: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl[ | ||
( 1-\xi_1\xi_2 )^2 + (\xi_1^2 - 1 -\xi_1^2\xi_2^2 + \xi_2^2) | |||
\biggr] | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 599: | Line 745: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl[ | ||
\xi_1^2 -2\xi_1\xi_2 + \xi_2^2 | |||
\biggr] | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 618: | Line 760: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~2 | <math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \, . | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
This, indeed, equals the right-hand side of the relation, which is, <math>~r_0^2</math>. It all nicely checks out! | |||
Next, taking a hint from the EUREKA! moment recorded in [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Relating_CCGF_Expansion_to_Toroidal_Coordinates|our accompanying notes]], let's rewrite the function <math>~\Chi</math> in terms of toroidal rather than cylindrical coordinates, where <math>~\Chi</math> is the argument of the special function, <math>~Q_{-1/2}</math>, that appears in the [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Expression_for_the_Axisymmetric_Potential|above definition of <math>~q_0</math>]]. More specifically, let's assume that the coordinate location at which the gravitational potential is to be evaluated, <math>~(R_*, Z_*)</math>, is taken to be the cylindrical-coordinate location of the origin of the toroidal coordinate system, <math>~(a, Z_0)</math>. Given this association, we can write, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Chi </math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi}</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 642: | Line 792: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{2 | <math>~\frac{a^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2}{2a \varpi}</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 662: | Line 804: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{1 + (\varpi/a)^2 + [(Z_0 - Z)/a]^2}{2(\varpi/a) }</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Rightarrow~~~~ | ||
\Chi^2 | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 683: | Line 818: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl[ 2 \biggl( \frac{\varpi}{a} \biggr) \biggr]^{-2} | ||
\ | \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a} \biggr)^2 + \biggl[\frac{(Z_0 - Z)}{a} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 | ||
\biggr]^{ | |||
\biggl[ \frac | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 699: | Line 832: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl[ \frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^{-2} | ||
\biggl\{ 1 + \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 | |||
\biggl[ \frac{ | + \biggl[\pm~\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 714: | Line 847: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)} | ||
\biggl[ 1 + \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} | |||
\biggl[ \frac{ | + \frac{(1-\xi_2^2)}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} \biggr]^2 | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
< | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | |||
< | | ||
</td> | |||
< | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</ | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | |||
< | <math>~\frac{1}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} | ||
<math>~\xi_1 | \biggl[ (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2 + (\xi_1^2 - 1) | ||
+ (1-\xi_2^2) \biggr]^2 | |||
</math> | |||
</ | </td> | ||
</tr> | |||
< | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 748: | Line 877: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{[ 2\xi_1(\xi_1 - \xi_2 ) ]^2}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 769: | Line 890: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{\xi_1^2}{\xi_1^2 - 1} \, . | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 777: | Line 897: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Hence, when the function, <math>~q_0</math>, is rewritten in terms of the elliptic integral of the first kind, <math>~K(\mu)</math>, the modulus of <math>~K</math> can be written as, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
<math>~\ | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\mu^2</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 804: | Line 909: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2[1+\Chi]^{-1}</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 825: | Line 921: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2\biggl[1+\frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr]^{-1}</math> | ||
\biggl[\frac{ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
< | <td align="center"> | ||
< | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | |||
</ | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1} \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
< | |||
< | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | |||
This is the key result motivating the use of a toroidal coordinate system to evaluate the gravitational potential: When expressed in an appropriately defined toroidal coordinate system, the modulus of the special function is a function of one, rather than two, spatial coordinates. This gives some hope that the integral over the second (angular) coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>, can be completed analytically, giving rise to an expression for the gravitational potential whose evaluation only requires numerical integration over a single (radial) coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>. | |||
Finally, drawing on discussion in [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#ToroidalScaleFactors|our accompanying set of notes]], we recognize that, expressed in terms of toroidal coordinates, the differential area element in the meridional plane is, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~d\sigma</math> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\ | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
a^2 \biggl[ \frac{d\xi_1}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Putting everything together, then, the (indefinite) integral expression for <math>~q_0</math>, expressed in terms of toroidal-coordinates, is, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~q_0</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\frac{ | \int \int \biggl[ \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} | ||
\biggr]^{1/2} \mu K(\mu) \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) \biggl[ \frac{a}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] | |||
\biggl[ \frac{a}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] d\xi_1 d\xi_2 | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 910: | Line 984: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~a^{5/2} | ||
\int (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{-1/4} \mu K(\mu) d\xi_1 \int \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^{5/2}(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 928: | Line 999: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} | ||
\int [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{-1/2} K(\mu) d\xi_1 \int \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^{5/2}(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<!-- OLD WAY | |||
Making the substitution, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>\ | <math>~\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ \sin\theta</math> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
\ | <math>~d\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ \cos\theta ~d\theta</math> , | ||
| |||
<math>\ | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
and, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math>~\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \cosh x</math> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
| <math>~d\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \sinh x ~dx</math> , | ||
<math> | |||
\ | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~q_0</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} | ||
\int\limits_{x_\mathrm{min}}^{x_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} | |||
\int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}} \rho(\xi_1, \theta) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \sin\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, written in terms of <math>~x</math>, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\mu</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~=</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\biggl[\frac{2\sinh x}{\sinh x+\cosh x}\biggr]^{1/2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
and where we have now explicitly introduced four parameters to set definite limits on the nested pair of integrations. | |||
--> | |||
Making the substitution, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ \cos\theta</math> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
<math>~d\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ - \sin\theta ~d\theta</math> , | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 1,065: | Line 1,083: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~q_0</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,071: | Line 1,089: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ \ | <math>~-2^{1/2} a^{5/2} | ||
\biggl[ | \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) d\xi_1}{[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } | ||
\int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}} \rho(\xi_1, \theta) | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,079: | Line 1,099: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
where we have now explicitly introduced four parameters to set definite limits on the nested pair of integrations. Making the additional substitution, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \cosh x</math> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
<math>~d\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \sinh x ~dx</math> , | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
< | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~q_0</math> | <math>~q_0</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,106: | Line 1,117: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} | <math>~- 2^{1/2} a^{5/2} | ||
\int\limits_{\ | \int\limits_{x_\mathrm{min}}^{x_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} | ||
\int\limits_{\ | \int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}} \rho(\xi_1, \theta) | ||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \ | \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, , | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,115: | Line 1,126: | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
where, written in terms of <math>~x</math>, | |||
< | |||
</ | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 1,128: | Line 1,132: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\mu</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,135: | Line 1,138: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\biggl | <math>~ | ||
\biggl[\frac{2\sinh x}{\sinh x+\cosh x}\biggr]^{1/2} \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
==Perform Angular Integration Over Test Mass Distribution== | |||
While, in principle, the pair of nested integrals must be carried out over all of space using the limits, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = 1 \, , ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, , ~\theta_\mathrm{min} = - \pi \, ,</math> | |||
and <math>~\theta_\mathrm{max} = + \pi \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
in practice, the limits should be set to reflect the volume boundaries of the mass distribution that is responsible for generating the gravitational potential. Here we present analytic expressions for these limits in the case of the (pink) [[#Chosen_Test_Mass_Distribution|toroidal test mass distribution specified above]]; details regarding the derivation of these expressions can be found in [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Yet_Again|our accompanying set of notes]]. | |||
<math>~ | ===Identifying Limits of Integration=== | ||
</math> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="right"> | |||
<tr><th align="center"><font size="+1">Figure 2</font></th></tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:TCoordsE.gif|300px|Diagram of Torus and Toroidal Coordinates]] | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
The animation shown here in Figure 2 builds upon the configuration displayed in [[#THH12Figure4|our Figure 1, above]]. It shows a meridional cross-section through the selected (pink) uniform-density, toroidal mass distribution, whose geometric properties are fully determined by specifying values for <math>~\varpi_t</math> and <math>~r_t</math>. (For the example illustrated in Figure 2, we have specified the same values used by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)] to construct their [[#THH12Figure4|Figure 4, as reprinted above]]; namely, <math>~\varpi_t = 3/4</math> and <math>~r_t = 1/4</math>.) Throughout the Figure 2 animation sequence, these two parameters have been fixed — thereby fixing the properties of the (pink) torus — and, in addition, we have fixed the location of the origin of a toroidal coordinate system — identified by the red-filled circular dot. We explicitly associate this coordinate-system origin with the (cylindrical) coordinates of the point in space at which we choose to evaluate the gravitational potential, namely, <math>~(R_*, Z_*) = (a, Z_0)</math>. [For illustration purposes, in Figure 2 we have set <math>~(a, Z_0) = (1/3, 3/4)</math>.] | |||
While the values of the four primary model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t)</math> are held fixed, Figure 2 depicts in a quantitatively precise manner how the size of a <math>~\xi_1</math>= constant toroidal surface (the off-center circle traced by the sequence of black dots) varies as the value of the radial coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>, is varied. In each frame of the animation sequence, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> that was used to define the (black) <math>\xi_1</math>-circle is printed in the lower-right corner of the image; additional quantitative details associated with each animation frame can be obtained from the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Example2|table titled, "Example 2" in our accompanying notes]]. | |||
As the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is varied from large values (small black circles) to smaller values (larger black circles), there is a maximum value, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math>, at which the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle first makes contact with the (pink) equatorial-plane torus, and there is a minimum value, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math>, at which it makes its final contact. These are the limiting values of the toroidal radial coordinate to be used in the integration that produces <math>~q_0</math>. At all values within the parameter range, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} > \xi_1 > ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle intersects the surface of the torus in two locations, defined by two different values of the associated angular coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>. In each frame of the animation, points of intersection are marked with small yellow diamonds; the coordinates of these points of intersection are listed in the table associated with [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Example2|example 2, in our accompanying notes]]. For each relevant value of <math>~\xi_1</math>, these are the limiting values of the toroidal angular coordinate to be used in the integration that produces <math>~q_0</math>. It should be realized that, ''at'' the first and final points of contact, the two values of <math>~\xi_2</math> are degenerate. | |||
<!-- COMMENT OUT | |||
Next we derive the mathematical relations that give the values of <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> and <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> for all . | |||
For reference purposes, Figure 2 has been displayed here, again, in the lefthand panel of Figure 4; the animation sequence presented in the righthand panel illustrates how the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle (depicted by the locus of small black dots) intersects the surface of the (pink) equatorial-plane torus as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is varied over the parameter range, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} \geq \xi_1 \geq ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
for a toroidal coordinate system whose origin (filled, red dot) remains fixed at the (cylindrical) coordinate location, <math>~(\varpi, z) = (a, Z_0) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4})</math>. For a toroidal coordinate system with this specified origin and an equatorial-plane torus having <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math> and <math>~r_t = \tfrac{1}{4}</math> — as recorded in the top row of numbers in the Table, below — the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle makes ''first contact'' with the torus when <math>~\xi_1 = \xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = 1.1927843</math> and it makes ''final contact'' when <math>~\xi_1 = \xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = 1.0449467</math>. The animation sequence contains ten unique frames: The value of <math>~\xi_1</math> that is associated with the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle in each case appears near the bottom-right corner of the animation frame. These parameter values have also been recorded in the first column of ten separate rows in the following table, along with other relevant parameter values. For example, in each frame of the animation, the points of intersection between the surface of the torus and the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle are identified by filled, green diamonds; the (cylindrical) coordinates associated with these points of intersection, <math>~(\varpi_i, z_i)</math>, are listed in each table row, along with the corresponding value of the toroidal coordinate system's angular, <math>~\xi_2</math> coordinate. | |||
Specific values for these parameters are tabulated in a [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Example2|Table titled, ''Example 2'']] in our accompanying notes. | |||
END DELETED COMMENT --> | |||
Notice in the animation that, while the origin of the selected toroidal coordinate system (the filled red dot) remains fixed, the ''center'' of the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle does not remain fixed. In order to highlight this behavior, the location of the center of the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle has been marked by a filled, light-blue square and, in keeping with the [[#THH12Figure4|earlier Figure 1 diagram]], a vertical, light-blue line connects this center to the equatorial plane of the cylindrical coordinate system. | |||
===Associated Analytic Expressions=== | |||
We define the following terms that are functions only of the four principal model parameters, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t)</math>, and therefore can be treated as constants while carrying out the pair of nested integrals that determine <math>~q_0</math>: | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center" colspan="4"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">Parameters evaluated for Figure 2</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\kappa</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
Z_0^2 + a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> <math>\rightarrow</math> </td> | |||
| |||
| |||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\frac{5^2}{2^4\cdot 3^2} \approx 0.17361111 | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,202: | Line 1,221: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~C</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~1 + \biggl( \frac{2Z_0}{\kappa}\biggr)^2 ( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> <math>\rightarrow</math> </td> | |||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{17 \cdot 1409}{5^4} \approx 38.3248 | ||
\ | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,216: | Line 1,239: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\beta_\pm</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
- \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> <math>\rightarrow</math> </td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-~\frac{5^2}{2^6\cdot 3}\biggl[ 1\mp \sqrt{ \frac{17\cdot 1409}{3^2\cdot 5^4}} \biggr] | |||
| |||
<math> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
</ | |||
Then, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} | |||
\approx 1.1927843</math> | |||
and | |||
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} | |||
\approx 1.0449467\, ,</math> | |||
- \biggl | </div> | ||
</math | which implies, | ||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>x_\mathrm{max} = \tanh^{-1}\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr) | |||
\approx 0.61137548 </math> | |||
and | |||
<math>x_\mathrm{min} = \tanh^{-1}\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr) | |||
\approx 0.29871048 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
-- | ---- | ||
Also let, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>~\xi_1 \rightarrow \cosh x \, ,</math> | |||
in which case, | |||
| |||
<math>~(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2} \rightarrow \sinh x</math> | |||
<math>~ | and, | ||
| |||
<math>~(1-\xi_1^{-2})^{-1/2} = \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \rightarrow \coth x\, ,</math> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\ | |||
</math | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
and define, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center" colspan="4"> </td><td align="center" colspan="3">Evaluated for</td></tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center" colspan="4"> </td> | ||
<math>~\ | <td align="center"><math>~x_\mathrm{max} ~(i.e.~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max})</math><p></p> | ||
---- | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"><math>~x_\mathrm{min} ~(i.e.~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min})</math><p></p> | |||
---- | |||
<td align=" | |||
<math>~ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~A(\xi_1)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl(\frac{Z_0}{a} \biggr)^2 + \biggl[ \coth x - \frac{\varpi_t}{a} \biggr]^2 | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</math> | <td align="center"> <math>\rightarrow</math> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~ \approx 5.23510376 </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~ \approx 6.49460545</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 1,341: | Line 1,334: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~B(\xi_1)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\coth x - \frac{\varpi_t}{a} + \biggl( \frac{2\varpi_t Z_0^2}{a\kappa} \biggr) </math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | <td align="center"> <math>\rightarrow</math> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\approx 14.1645439</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\approx 15.77670608</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="right"> | |||
<tr><th align="center"><font size="+1">Figure 3</font></th></tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:ConstantXi2.png|300px|Diagram of Torus and xi_2-constant Toroidal Coordinate curve]] | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
Then, for each value of the radial coordinate, <math>~\xi_1 = \cosh x</math>, within the range, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~x_\mathrm{max} \geq x \geq x_\mathrm{min} \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
the limiting values <math>~(\pm)</math> of the angular coordinate are, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\xi_2\biggr|_\pm</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,362: | Line 1,382: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{2}{ | <math>~ \cosh x - \sinh x \biggl( \frac{2a^2}{\kappa}\cdot \frac{A}{B} \biggr) | ||
\ | \biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-\frac{AC}{B^2}}\biggr]^{-1} \, . | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
This provides the desired analytic expression for the two limits of integration over the angular coordinate that must be carried out in order to evaluate the key function, <math>~q_0</math>, in our determination of the gravitational potential at the cylindrical-coordinate location, <math>~(R_*, Z_*) = (a, Z_0)</math>. | |||
We should note that at both limits — that is, ''at'' the two values of <math>~x</math> for which the functions <math>~A</math> and <math>~B</math> have been evaluated, immediately above — the ratio under the square-root, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\frac{AC}{B^2} = 1 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, at both radial-coordinate limits, the two angular-coordinate limits, <math>~\xi_2|_\pm</math>, are degenerate. Furthermore, we have discovered that the value of this degeneracy angle is exactly the same at both radial-coordinate limits; specifically, we find that, for our chosen test-mass distribution, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_2\biggr|_\mathrm{deg} \approx 0.885198 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
This means that exactly the same <math>\xi_2</math>-constant, toroidal-coordinate "line" intersects the surface of the (pink) test-mass torus at both the point of first contact <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{max})</math> and the point of final contact <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{min})</math>. In order to illustrate this, this particular <math>\xi_2</math>-constant "line" has been traced by a sequence of red dots in Figure 3. As just described, it passes smoothly through the points on the surface of the (pink) torus where the <math>\xi_1</math>-circles make first (small black-dotted circle) and final (large black-dotted circle) contact. | |||
===Integrate=== | |||
<!-- OLD WAY | |||
Because the density is uniform throughout our test model torus, it can be pulled out of both integrals. In combination with the limits of integration just derived, we can therefore write, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~q_0</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2}\rho_0 | ||
- | \int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} | ||
\ | \int\limits_{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \sin\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,385: | Line 1,427: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Now, using WolframAlpha's online integrator, we find … | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
[[File:TorusIntegration.png|450px|WolframAlpha Integration]] | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, the inner integral over our toroidal system's angular coordinate gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\int\limits_{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \sin\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,413: | Line 1,446: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl\{ \frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1-\sin\theta)^{3/2}} | ||
\biggl[ | |||
\cos\theta ( -5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1\sin\theta + 1) | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 1,419: | Line 1,455: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
+ (\xi_1+1)(\xi_1-1)^2 \biggl( \frac{\xi_1-\sin\theta}{\xi_1-1} \biggr)^{3/2} F\biggl(\frac{\pi - 2\theta}{4} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1} \biggr) | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
< | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
< | </td> | ||
<math> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | |||
</ | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | |||
+ 4\xi_1(\xi_1-1)(\sin\theta-\xi_1) \biggl( \frac{\xi_1-\sin\theta}{\xi_1-1} \biggr)^{1/2} E\biggl(\frac{\pi - 2\theta}{4} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1} \biggr) | |||
\biggr] \biggr\}_{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\sin^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
< | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,455: | Line 1,490: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl\{ | ||
\ | \biggl[ \frac{2[1-(\xi_2|_+)^2] ( -5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1\xi_2|_+ + 1)}{3(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1-\xi_2|_+)^{3/2}} \biggr] | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,469: | Line 1,504: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ + | <math>~ | ||
+ \tfrac{2}{3} (\xi_1-1)^{-3/2}\biggl[ (\xi_1+1) F\biggl(\frac{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)}{2} \biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) | |||
- 4 \xi_1 E\biggl(\frac{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)}{2}\biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) \biggr] \biggr\} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,482: | Line 1,519: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~- \biggl\{ | ||
- | \biggl[ \frac{2[1-(\xi_2|_-)^2] ( -5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1\xi_2|_- + 1)}{3(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1-\xi_2|_-)^{3/2}} \biggr] | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,494: | Line 1,530: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~ | ||
\ | + \tfrac{2}{3} (\xi_1-1)^{-3/2}\biggl[ (\xi_1+1) F\biggl(\frac{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}{2} \biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) | ||
- 4 \xi_1 E\biggl(\frac{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}{2}\biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) \biggr] \biggr\} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,508: | Line 1,545: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\tfrac{2}{3} (\xi_1-1)^{-3/2}\biggl\{ | ||
\biggl[ \frac{[1-(\xi_2|_+)^2] ( -5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1\xi_2|_+ + 1)}{(\xi_1-1)^{1/2} (\xi_1+1)^2 (\xi_1-\xi_2|_+)^{3/2}} \biggr] | |||
- \biggl[ \frac{[1-(\xi_2|_-)^2] ( -5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1\xi_2|_- + 1)}{(\xi_1-1)^{1/2} (\xi_1+1)^2(\xi_1-\xi_2|_-)^{3/2}} \biggr] | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\ | + \biggl[ (\xi_1+1) F\biggl(\sin^{-1}\biggl[\frac{1-\xi_2|_+}{2} \biggr] \biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) | ||
\ | - 4 \xi_1 E\biggl(\sin^{-1}\biggl[\frac{1-\xi_2|_+}{2} \biggr]\biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) \biggr] | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,547: | Line 1,578: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ - | <math>~ | ||
- \biggl[ (\xi_1+1) F\biggl(\sin^{-1}\biggl[\frac{1-\xi_2|_-}{2} \biggr]\biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) | |||
- 4 \xi_1 E\biggl(\sin^{-1}\biggl[\frac{1-\xi_2|_-}{2} \biggr]\biggr| \frac{2}{1-\xi_1} \biggr) \biggr] \biggr\} \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<tr> | --> | ||
Because the density is uniform throughout our test model torus, it can be pulled out of both integrals. In combination with the limits of integration just derived, we can therefore write, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~q_0</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,561: | Line 1,601: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~-2^{1/2} a^{5/2}\rho_0 | ||
\int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) ~dx}{ | \int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} | ||
\ | \int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Now, using WolframAlpha's online integrator, we find … | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
[[File:TorusIntegration2.png|500px|WolframAlpha Integration]] | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, the inner integral over our toroidal system's angular coordinate gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | |||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ - | <math>~-\biggl\{ \frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr[ | ||
\sin \theta(-5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1 \cos \theta + 1) | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
== | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
< | </td> | ||
<math>~\{ | <td align="center"> | ||
</ | | ||
</td> | |||
< | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | |||
+ (\xi_1+1)(\xi_1-1)^2 \biggl( \frac{\xi_1 - \cos \theta}{\xi_1-1} \biggr)^{3/2} | |||
F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
+ 4\xi_1 (\xi_1-1)\biggl( \frac{\xi_1-\cos \theta}{\xi_1-1}\biggr)^{1/2} (\cos \theta - \xi_1) | |||
E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) \biggr] \biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,647: | Line 1,673: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ | ||
(\xi_1 | \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,659: | Line 1,684: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~ + \frac{2(\xi_1-1)^{1/2}}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) | ||
4 \xi_1 | - (\xi_1+1) F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) | ||
- (\xi_1+1) | \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
\ | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 1,672: | Line 1,696: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
This last expression exactly matches the expression found in the integral tables published by [http://www.mathtable.com/gr/ Gradshteyn & Ryzhik (1965)] — specifically, relation '''2.575'''(5) — after it is realized that the second argument of both elliptic integral functions, as published in GR65, is the square-root of the parameter, <math>~m = k^2</math>, provided by WolframAlpha. | |||
We now have to deal with the realization that, for our particular problem, <math>~\xi_1 \geq 1</math>, which means that the second argument, <math>~m = 2/(1-\xi_1)</math>, of both elliptical integral functions is negative (if not zero). Following [http://www.mymathlib.com/functions/elliptic_integrals.html the discussion provided at mymathlib.com], we define, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~k_1 \equiv \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1-1}} </math> | |||
and | |||
<math>~k_1^' \equiv \sqrt{1-(ik_1)^2} = \sqrt{1 + \frac{2}{\xi_1-1}} = \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 + 1}{\xi_1 - 1}} \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
in which case, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\frac{k_1}{k_1^'} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
and we can write, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 1,678: | Line 1,718: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) ~~\rightarrow ~~ F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} , ik_1\biggr) </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,684: | Line 1,724: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{1}{k_1^'} \biggl[K\biggl( \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) - F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) \biggr] \, ,</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) ~~\rightarrow ~~ E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} , ik_1\biggr) </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 1,705: | Line 1,736: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{ | <math>~k_1^' \biggl[E\biggl( \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) - E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) \biggr] \, .</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 1,711: | Line 1,742: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<!-- COMMENT MADE ABOUT NEGATIVE PARAMETERs | |||
While I am pleased that I am able to obtain the same result after consulting two different sources (WolframAlpha, and GR65), I am troubled that the parameter found in both elliptic integrals, <math>~m = k^2</math>, is negative. This leads me to believe that the integration still has not been carried out properly. Another hint that the obtained result is not physically valid comes from the notes that accompany relation '''2.575'''(5) in GR65. It is supposed to be valid for the following range of coefficient/parameter values: | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math> | <math>0 \leq \theta \leq \pi</math> | ||
and | |||
<math>\xi_1 > -1 > 0 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
Clearly, this last condition is not met, as negative one is not greater than zero. | |||
--> | |||
Hence, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
\biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~- [ | <math>~\frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggl\{\biggr[ \frac{ | ||
\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~- | <math>~ + 4\xi_1(\xi_1-1)^{1/2} \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 + 1}{\xi_1 - 1}} \biggl[E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~- | <math>~ | ||
- (\xi_1-1)^{1/2} (\xi_1+1) \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 - 1}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggl[K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - | |||
F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]\biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>+ | <math>~\frac{2(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ | ||
\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~ - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | ||
+ (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<span id="Answer">We have therefore succeeded in deriving an expression for the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus that requires numerical integration over only one dimension, that is, the "radial" dimension, <math>~\xi_1</math>.</span> The final, combined expression is, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Phi(a,Z_0)</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~2\ | <math>~\frac{2^{5/2} G \rho_0 a^{2}}{3} | ||
\int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) d\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } | |||
\biggr[ \frac{\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~4\pi \ | <math>~ - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | ||
+ (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<!-- COMMENT OUT EARLIER EXPRESSION FOR PHI0 | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Phi(a, Z_0)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{2\ | <math>~\frac{2^{5/2} G \rho_0 a^{2}}{3} | ||
\int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) ~dx}{\sinh^3 x( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} \cdot | |||
\biggr[ \frac{\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{ (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~ - 4\xi_1 (\xi_1+1)^{1/2} E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | ||
~\frac{ | + (\xi_1-1) (\xi_1+1)^{1/2} F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~\frac{2^{5/2} G \rho_0 a^{2}}{3} | ||
~\frac{2\ | \int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) ~dx}{\sinh^3 x( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} \cdot | ||
\biggr[ \frac{4 \cosh x \sin \theta }{ (\cosh x - \cos \theta)^{1/2}} + \frac{\sinh^2 x \sin \theta}{ (\cosh x - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math> | <math>~ - 4\cosh x (\cosh x+1)^{1/2} E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\cosh x + 1}} \biggr) | ||
~2\pi | + \sinh x (\cosh x -1)^{1/2} F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\cosh x + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
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</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
END DELETED COMMENT --> | |||
==Code Layout== | |||
Here are some suggestions related to the development of a computer program that can perform the one-dimensional integral over <math>~\xi_1</math>. | |||
<pre> | |||
STEP 1: Specify numerical values for torus parameters … varpi_t & r_t | |||
STEP 2: Associate the parameters "a" and "Z0" with the cylindrical coordinate | |||
location (R*,Z*) at which gravitational potential is to be evaluated. | |||
STEP 3: Given the numerical values for these four parameters, calculate "kappa", | |||
"C", "beta_plus", and "beta_minus" as prescribed by the following algebraic | |||
relations … | |||
</pre> | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\kappa</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~- | <math>~ | ||
Z_0^2 + a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~C</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~1 + \biggl( \frac{2Z_0}{\kappa}\biggr)^2 ( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\beta_\pm</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~- | <math>~ | ||
\biggl[ \frac{ | - \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<pre> | |||
STEP 4: The (numerical values of the) limits of integration are set by the following | |||
two expressions … | |||
</pre> | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<p><math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} </math></p> | |||
<p>and</p> | |||
<p><math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2}\, .</math></p> | |||
</div> | |||
<pre> | |||
STEP 4 (cont.): Establish a 1D grid with, say, 100 zones, assigning values of xi_1 | |||
that are equally spaced between these two limiting values; let "delta" be the | |||
grid spacing. (Perhaps use logarithmic spacing.) The mid-point value of | |||
the coordinate location of the accompanying 99 grid cells should also be | |||
determined. | |||
STEP 5: For each of the 99 grid-cell coordinate values, "xi1", calculate the following | |||
parameter, or aggregate-term, values: | |||
</pre> | |||
<div align="center" id="Parameters"> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Phi_0</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\frac{2^{5/2} G \rho_0 a^{2}}{3} \, ; | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\mu</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\biggl[ | ||
\frac{2(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2} + \xi_1} \biggr]^{1/2} \, ; | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\mathrm{coef}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~2\ | <math>~ | ||
\frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } \, ; | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\mathrm{tempbeta}</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}} \, ; | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\mathrm{A}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl(\frac{Z_0}{a}\biggr)^2 + (\mathrm{tempbeta})^2 \, ; | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\mathrm{B}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl(\frac{2\varpi_t Z_0^2}{a\kappa}\biggr) - (\mathrm{tempbeta}) \, ; | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\frac{\kappa}{2a^2}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{B}}{\mathrm{A}} | ||
\biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-\frac{AC}{B^2}} \biggr] \, ; | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\xi_2\biggr|_\pm</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{\ | <math>~\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_\pm} | ||
\, ; | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\theta_\mathrm{max}</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+) | ||
\, ; | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\theta_\mathrm{min}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-) | ||
\, ; | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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</td></tr> | </td></tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~T(\theta)</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\equiv</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~2\pi \ | <math>~ | ||
\frac{\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | |||
- 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | |||
+ (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Phi(a,Z_0)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\ | \Phi_0 \sum_{n=1}^{99} \mathrm{delta}\cdot \mathrm{coef} \cdot [T(\theta_\mathrm{max}) - T(\theta_\mathrm{min})] \, . | ||
\ | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
==Special Case== | |||
In the context of the (pink torus) test-mass distribution being discussed here, a review of the [[#Properties|properties of a toroidal coordinate system]] highlights one particularly interesting (cylindrical) coordinate location at which the gravitational potential should be evaluated: | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~\{ R_*, Z_* \} = \biggl\{r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2}, 0 \biggr\} \, .</math> | ||
</div> | |||
By placing the origin of the toroidal coordinate system at this and ''only'' this location — that is, by setting, | |||
</div> | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 2,184: | Line 2,222: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~a</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,190: | Line 2,228: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} = (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)^{1/2} \, ,</math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<tr> | — the limits of integration can be specified very simply: There is only one <math>\xi_1</math>-circle that intersects the surface of the torus and it does so by, not simply intersecting, but by perfectly aligning with the surface. This perfect overlap with the surface of the torus happens for the coordinate circle associated with, | ||
<td align="right"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<math>~\xi_1 = \xi_s \equiv \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
All <math>\xi_1</math>-circles larger than this one — that is, all circles corresponding to values of | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1 < \xi_s </math> | |||
</div> | |||
— lie entirely outside of the (pink) torus and therefore need not be included in the integration to determine the gravitational potential; while all <math>\xi_1</math>-circles smaller than this one — that is, all circles corresponding to values of | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1 > \xi_s </math> | |||
</div> | |||
— lie entirely inside of the (pink) torus. Hence, in this special case the ''radial''-coordinate integration limits are, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} </math> | |||
and <math>~~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
Furthermore, because the corresponding <math>\xi_1</math>-circles fall entirely inside (or on the surface of) the torus for all values of <math>~\xi_1</math> in this latter range, the integral over the "angular" toroidal coordinate, <math>~\theta \equiv \cos^{-1}\xi_2</math>, will have the simple limits, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\theta_\mathrm{min} = - \pi </math> | |||
and | |||
<math>~\theta_\mathrm{max} = + \pi \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
(More practically, we will integrate from zero to <math>~\pi</math>, and double the result.) Hence, the inner integral over our toroidal system's angular coordinate gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,204: | Line 2,273: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2\int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> | ||
\biggl | |||
\frac{\ | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
Line 2,222: | Line 2,285: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ | ||
\ | \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} | ||
- 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | |||
\biggr\}_{0}^{\pi | + (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{0}^{\pi} | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,238: | Line 2,301: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ | ||
4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) | |||
- (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 2,254: | Line 2,316: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{1} | <math>~ | ||
\frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | |||
\, . | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
So, we have, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~q_0</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,269: | Line 2,338: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} \rho_0 | ||
\int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{-1/2} K(\mu) | |||
\ | \biggl\{ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | ||
\biggr\} | |||
d\xi_1 \, , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,284: | Line 2,355: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~ \frac{2^{5/2} a^{5/2} \rho_0}{3} | ||
\int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } | |||
\ | \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | ||
d\xi_1 | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,293: | Line 2,365: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~\Phi(\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2}, 0)</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,299: | Line 2,371: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\frac{ | <math>~ - \frac{2^{7/2} (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) G\rho_0}{3} | ||
\int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } | |||
\ | \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] | ||
d\xi_1 \, , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\mu</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,314: | Line 2,392: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\biggl[ \frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1} \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
\, .</math> | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<table border="1" align="center" width="80%" cellpadding="10"><tr><td align="left"> | |||
TO BE DONE: | |||
As we have detailed in an [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#The_Coulomb_Potential|accompanying discussion]], using toroidal coordinates [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AnPhy..77..279W Wong (1973)] derived an expression for the potential at any point inside or outside of a uniform-density torus that has a circular cross-section — as illustrated by the pink torus, above. At some point, we should compare the expression that Wong derived to our independent derivation, as presented in this chapter; in particular, our "special case" should be compared with Wong's equation (2.57), which gives an expression for the potential after integration over both of the angular toroidal coordinates, <math>~(\theta, \psi)</math>, but before the radial integration has been completed. [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#CompareWithCohl|His expression is]], | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{Wong}(\eta^',\theta^') </math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,329: | Line 2,417: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
-GU(\eta^',\theta^') | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,344: | Line 2,431: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~ | ||
\ | - \frac{2^{9 / 2}G\rho_0 a^2}{3} (\cosh \eta^' - \cos \theta^')^{1 / 2} \sum\limits_n \epsilon_n \cos(n\theta^') \int_{\eta_0}^\infty d\eta | ||
\ | \biggl[ \frac{Q^2_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta)}{\sinh\eta} \biggr] | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,356: | Line 2,443: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~\ | <math>~ | ||
\times P_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta) ~Q_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta^') | |||
\ | \, . | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
This expression should be evaluated at <math>~\eta^' = +\infty</math>, in which case it appears as though it should match our "special case" result for all values of the polar angle, <math>~\theta^'</math>. | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
Let's see if the expression simplifies somewhat by adopting a variable, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
| <math>~\epsilon \equiv \frac{1}{\xi_1}</math> | ||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
<math>~d\xi_1 ~\rightarrow ~ d(\epsilon^{-1}) = - \epsilon^{-2} d\epsilon \, .</math> | |||
<math>~=</math> | </div> | ||
Making this substitution, and defining, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math> | <math>\Phi_\mathrm{norm} \equiv \frac{2^{3} (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) G\rho_0}{3} \, ,</math> | ||
\frac{ | |||
</math | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
we have, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 2,398: | Line 2,474: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\Phi_\mathrm{norm}^{-1} \Phi(\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2}, 0)</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,404: | Line 2,480: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\ | \int\limits_{r_t/\varpi_t}^0 \frac{2^{1/2}\epsilon(1+\epsilon)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(1 - \epsilon^2)^2[ (1-\epsilon^2)^{1/2}+1 ]^{1/2} } | ||
\biggr[ 4E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) - (1-\epsilon) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) \biggr] | |||
d\epsilon \, , | |||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
Line 2,418: | Line 2,496: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~ | ||
\int\limits_{r_t/\varpi_t}^0 | |||
\frac{\ | \frac{\epsilon \mu K(\mu)}{(1 - \epsilon^2)^2} \biggl[ \frac{1+\epsilon}{1 - \epsilon} \biggr]^{1/4} | ||
\biggr[ 4E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) - (1-\epsilon) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) \biggr] | |||
\ | d\epsilon \, , | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
where, | |||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | ||
Line 2,436: | Line 2,512: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~\mu</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,442: | Line 2,518: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2^{1/2} [ 1 + (1- \epsilon^2)^{-1/2} ]^{-1/2} \, .</math> | ||
</td> | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
==Total Mass== | |||
How do I know whether or not I have made mistakes in these derivations? Aside from the published work of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2635T Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)], how do I know what the correct answer for the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus is? | |||
A degree of assurance can be drawn by carrying out a similar pair of nested integrations to determine the total mass (or volume) of the torus that is defined by our chosen test-mass distribution. As can be found in many mathematics handbooks, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus online], the volume of our defined torus should be, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~V_\mathrm{torus} = 2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
===Using Cylindrical Coordinates=== | |||
====Total Volume==== | |||
Let's start by integrating the three-dimensional volume element, <math>~dV_{3D}</math>, over the azimuthal angle to obtain an expression for the two-dimensional differential volume element that is written in terms of the meridional-plane differential area, <math>~d\sigma</math>, as used in our definition of [[#Expression_for_the_Axisymmetric_Potential|<math>~q_0</math>, above]]. Using the notation of MF53 (but employing the opposite sign convention from them), in cylindrical coordinates we have, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~dV_{3D}</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,457: | Line 2,546: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~- [h_1 d\xi_1 ] [h_2 d\xi_2] [h_3 d\xi_3] </math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 2,471: | Line 2,558: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~-~d\xi_1 \biggl[\frac{\xi_1}{\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2}} d\xi_2 \biggr] d\xi_3 </math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
Line 2,484: | Line 2,570: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~-~d\varpi \biggl[\frac{\varpi d(\cos\varphi) }{\sqrt{1-\cos^2\varphi}} \biggr] dz </math> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align="right"> | <td align="right"> | ||
<math>~ | | ||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>+~[\varpi d\varphi ] d\sigma \, , </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, [[#Expression_for_the_Axisymmetric_Potential|as before]] in cylindrical coordinates, <math>~d\sigma = d\varpi dz</math>. From this we obtain, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~dV_{2D}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\varpi d\sigma \int_0^{2\pi} d\varphi </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center"> | ||
Line 2,503: | Line 2,612: | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
<td align="left"> | <td align="left"> | ||
<math>~ | <math>~2\pi \varpi d\sigma \, .</math> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Hence, | |||
<div align="center"> | Now in order to finish the volume integration, we need the limits of integration in the meridional plane. These can be obtained from the [[#Chosen_Test_Mass_Distribution|above algebraic description]] of the (pink) test-mass torus as an off-center circle. Specifically, we have, | ||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} \varpi d\varpi \int\limits_{-\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}}^{\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}} dz </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~4\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} \sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} \varpi d\varpi </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{ | |||
3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{\varpi - \varpi_t}{ \sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 }} \biggr] | |||
- [r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 ]^{1/2}~(2r_t^2 + \varpi_t^2 + \varpi_t \varpi - 2\varpi^2) | |||
\biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math> | |||
~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{r_t}{0 } \biggr] - 0 \biggr\} | |||
-~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{-r_t}{0} \biggr] - 0 \biggr\} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math> | |||
~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl[ 3r_t^2 \varpi_t \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) \biggr] +~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl[ 3r_t^2 \varpi_t \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math> | |||
~2\pi^2 r_t^2 \varpi_t \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where we have carried out the second integration using the [http://www.wolframalpha.com/calculators/integral-calculator/ WolframAlpha online integral calculator]: | |||
[[File:WolframAlphaTorusVolume.png|350px|center|WolframAlpha integration result]] | |||
This is the answer for the volume of a torus that we expected. Good! | |||
====Volume with Cropped Top==== | |||
[[File:CropTopB.png|300px|right|Diagram of "Cropped Top" Torus]] | |||
During my development of a computer program to integrate over the volume of a circular torus while using toroidal coordinates, I decided that it would be useful to determine the volume of a torus that has a "cropped top" as illustrated in the accompanying diagram, shown here on the right. Let's evaluate this "cropped-top" volume using cylindrical coordinates so that we will know what the correct answer is when developing an integration scheme using toroidal coordinates. Specifically, let's determine the volume of the "green" portion for a specified value of <math>~h < r_t</math>. | |||
The radial integration will be evaluated between the limits: (lower) <math>~(\varpi_t - b) </math> and (upper) <math>~(\varpi_t + b) </math>, where, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~b = \sqrt{r_t^2-h^2} \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
And the limits on the vertical integration will be: (lower) <math>~h</math> and, as before when integrating over the entire volume, (upper) <math>~\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} \, .</math> With these limits, the volume integration gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi \int\limits_{h}^{\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}} dz </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi \biggl[\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} - h \biggr] </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-2\pi h \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi | |||
+ 2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi \sqrt{X} d\varpi \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~X</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a_0 + a_1\varpi + a_2\varpi^2 \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~a_0</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~-( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~a_1</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\varpi_t \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~a_2</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~-1 \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Carrying out this pair of integrations gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-\pi h \biggl[ (\varpi_t + b)^2 - (\varpi_t - b)^2 \biggr] | |||
+ 2\pi \biggl[\frac{X\sqrt{X}}{3a_2} - \frac{a_1(2a_2\varpi + a_1)}{8a_2^2} \sqrt{X} \biggr]_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \frac{2\pi a_1 ( 4a_0 a_2 - a_1^2)}{(4a_2)^2} \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \frac{d\varpi}{\sqrt{X}} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-\pi h \biggl[\varpi_t^2 + 2b\varpi_t + b^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - 2b\varpi_t + b^2) \biggr] | |||
+ \frac{\pi}{12} \biggl\{-8[ r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2]^{3/2} + 6\varpi_t(2\varpi - 2\varpi_t) [r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 ]^{1/2} \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \frac{2\pi a_1 ( 4a_0 a_2 - a_1^2)}{(4a_2)^2} | |||
\biggl\{ - \frac{1}{\sqrt{-a_2}} ~\sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{2a_2 \varpi + a_1}{\sqrt{a_1^2 - 4a_0 a_2}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-4\pi h b\varpi_t | |||
+ \frac{\pi}{3} \biggl[3\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} -2( r_t^2 - b^2)^{3/2} \biggr] | |||
+ \frac{\pi}{3} \biggl[3\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} +2( r_t^2 - b^2)^{3/2} \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \pi \varpi_t ( a_0 + \varpi_t^2) | |||
\biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t - \varpi }{\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 + a_0}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-4\pi h b\varpi_t + 2\pi\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} | |||
- \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{-b}{r_t} \biggr] - \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{b }{r_t} \biggr] \biggr\} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
-4\pi h \varpi_t (r_t^2 -h^2 )^{1/2} + 2\pi\varpi_t h (r_t^2 -h^2 )^{1/2} | |||
+2 \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \sin^{-1}\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{h }{r_t}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{1/2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
2 \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{h }{r_t}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{1/2} | |||
- \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr) \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^{1/2} \biggr\}\, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, the ''fractional'' volume is, | |||
<div align="center" id="GreenAnalytic"> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tr><th align="center" colspan="2"> | |||
Analytic Expression for Green Volume</th></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\frac{V_\mathrm{green}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\frac{1}{\pi} \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{h }{r_t}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{1/2} | |||
- \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr) \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^{1/2} \biggr\}\, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:CropTopB.png|150px|right|Diagram of "Cropped Top" Torus]] | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
REALITY CHECK: This should give a zero (green) volume if <math>~h = r_t</math>; and the fractional volume should be one-half if <math>~h = 0</math>. In the former case, our expression gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\frac{V_\mathrm{green}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\frac{1}{\pi} \sin^{-1} (0) = 0 \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
as expected. And in the latter case we have, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\frac{V_\mathrm{green}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\frac{1}{\pi} \sin^{-1} (1) = \frac{1}{2} \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
which means that <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> is indeed half of the total torus volume, [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Total_Volume|as derived earlier]]. | |||
===Using Toroidal Coordinates with Special Alignment=== | |||
If, instead, we use a toroidal coordinate system, we have (see p. 666 of MF53), | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~dV_{3D}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~- [h_1 d\xi_1 ] [h_2 d\xi_2] [h_3 d\xi_3] </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~-~\biggl[ \frac{a d\xi_1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ | |||
\biggl[\frac{a d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] ~ | |||
\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\xi_1^2 - 1}{1 - \xi_3^2} \biggr)^{1/2} \frac{a d\xi_3}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \biggr]</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~- d\sigma~ | |||
\biggl[ \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \frac{d(\cos\varphi)}{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2\varphi}} \biggr]</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>+~[\varpi d\varphi ] d\sigma \, , </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, as employed above, a differential area element in the meridional plane of a toroidal-coordinate system is, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~d\sigma</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a^2\biggl[ \frac{d\xi_1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ | |||
\biggl[\frac{d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
As in the case of the cylindrical coordinate system, because the torus is axisymmetric, integration over the azimuthal angular coordinate in a toroidal coordinate system gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~dV_{2D}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\varpi d\sigma \int_0^{2\pi} d\varphi </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \varpi d\sigma \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
<table border="1" align="center" width="90%" cellpadding="8"> | |||
<tr><th align="center">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates#Scale_factors Cross-check: Wikipedia's Differential Volume Element]</th></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="left"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~dV_{3D}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~[h_1 d\tau ] [h_2 d\theta] [h_3 d\varphi] </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a^3 \biggl[\frac{ d\tau}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \biggr] \biggl[\frac{ d\theta}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \biggr] | |||
\biggl[\frac{\sinh\tau ~d\varphi }{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \biggr] </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~d\sigma \varpi d\varphi \, , </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
where, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~d\sigma</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\biggl[\frac{ a}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \biggr]^2 d\tau d\theta \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
and, [[#Properties|as above]], | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\frac{\varpi}{a}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{\sinh\tau }{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
Hence, in agreement with the expression derived using the notation of MF53, | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~dV_{2D}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\varpi d\sigma \int_0^{2\pi} d\varphi </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \varpi d\sigma \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
Now, if we choose a toroidal coordinate system whose origin is located exactly as defined in our [[#Special_Case|special case, above]], the ''radial''-coordinate integration limits should be, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} </math> | |||
and <math>~~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, ;</math> | |||
</div> | |||
and the integral over the "angular" toroidal coordinate will have the simple limits, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_2|_- = -1 </math> | |||
and <math>~\xi_2|_+ = +1 \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
[<font color="red">COMMENT:</font> Actually, these limits will only capture integration over either the upper hemisphere (<math>~Z</math> positive) or the lower hemisphere (<math>~Z</math> negative). So I will probably need to double the volume expression that results from these limits.] | |||
So, integration over the remaining two (meridional-plane) coordinates gives, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi \int_\Sigma \varpi d\sigma </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\int\limits_{-1}^{1} \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \biggl[ \frac{1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ | |||
\biggl[\frac{1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] d\xi_2 | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\int\limits_{-1}^{1} \biggl[\frac{d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)^3\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
If, following MF53, we make the substitution, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\xi_2 ~\rightarrow \cos\zeta</math> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow </math> | |||
<math>~d\xi_2 ~\rightarrow -\sin\zeta d\zeta \, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
we can write, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \biggl[\frac{d\zeta}{ (\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^3 } \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
- \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)\tanh^{-1}\biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 + 1)\tan(\zeta/2)}{\sqrt{1-\xi_1^2}} \biggr]}{(1-\xi_1^2)^{5/2}} | |||
\biggr\}_{0}^{\pi} \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<!-- COMMENT OUT MANY LINES ... | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
\biggr\}_{0}^{\pi/2} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \biggl[ \frac{ 4\xi_1^2 - 1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 \xi_1^2 } \biggr] | |||
= | |||
2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\cosh^{-1}(\varpi_t/r_t)}^\infty dx \biggl[ \frac{ 4\cosh^2x - 1}{\sinh^3 x \cosh^2 x } \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{1}{4}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
-3\sinh^{-2}(x/2) - 3 \cosh^{-2}(x/2) + \frac{8}{\cosh(x)} - 4\ln[\sinh(x/2)] + 4\ln[\cosh(x/2)] | |||
\biggr\}_{\cosh^{-1}(\varpi_t/r_t)}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{1}{4}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
-3\biggl[\frac{1}{\sinh^{2}(x/2)} + \frac{1}{\cosh^{2}(x/2)}\biggr] + \frac{8}{\cosh(x)} + \ln[\coth^4(x/2)] | |||
\biggr\}_{\cosh^{-1}(\varpi_t/r_t)}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{1}{4}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
-3\biggl[\frac{2}{(\cosh x - 1)} + \frac{2}{(\cosh x + 1)}\biggr] + \frac{8}{\cosh(x)} + \ln\biggl[\frac{\cosh x + 1}{\cosh x - 1} \biggr]^2 | |||
\biggr\}_{\cosh^{-1}(\varpi_t/r_t)}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{1}{2}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
-3\biggl[\frac{1}{(\xi_1 - 1)} + \frac{1}{(\xi_1 + 1)}\biggr] + \frac{4}{\xi_1} + \ln\biggl[\frac{1 + 1/\xi_1}{1 - 1/\xi_1} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{1}{2}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
-3\biggl[\frac{2\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \biggr] + \frac{4}{\xi_1} + \ln\biggl[\frac{1 + 1/\xi_1}{1 - 1/\xi_1} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
\frac{-(2+\xi_1^2)}{\xi_1(\xi_1^2 - 1)} + \ln\biggl[\frac{1 + 1/\xi_1}{1 - 1/\xi_1} \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
\biggr\}_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
\frac{2+(\varpi_t/r_t)^2}{\varpi_t/r_t[(\varpi_t/r_t)^2 - 1]} - \ln\biggl[\frac{\varpi_t + r_t}{\varpi_t - r_t} \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
\biggr\} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi \biggl\{ r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} \biggr\}^3 \biggl\{ | |||
\frac{r_t(2r_t^2+\varpi_t^2)}{\varpi_t(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)} - \ln\biggl[\frac{\varpi_t + r_t}{\varpi_t - r_t} \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
\biggr\} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)^{3/2} \biggl\{ | |||
\frac{r_t(2r_t^2+\varpi_t^2)}{\varpi_t(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)} - \ln\biggl[\frac{\varpi_t + r_t}{\varpi_t - r_t} \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
\biggr\} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
At first glance, this does not appear to give the correct expression for the volume of a torus. | |||
END COMMENTED-OUT --> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where the expression obtained after integrating over <math>~\zeta</math> was obtained from WolframAlpha's online integrator. | |||
[<font color="red">COMMENT:</font> This result is problematic because it was derived without enforcing the condition, <math>~\xi_1^2 > 1</math>. Notice, in particular, that the last term includes a couple of square-roots of expressions that will naturally be negative.] | |||
Carrying out this same integration (specifying wider integration limits based on the toroidal-coordinate specification [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates#Definition described in Wikipedia]) via multiple steps using the integral tables published by [http://www.mathtable.com/gr/ Gradshteyn & Ryzhik], I have obtained, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} \biggl[\frac{d\zeta}{ (\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^3 } \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
+ \biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \tan^{-1}\biggl[\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{-\pi}^{\pi} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
This expression makes more sense; at least the arguments of the square-roots are all positive. Now, evaluating the limits: (1) The first term inside the curly braces goes to zero at both limits; and (2) the argument of the arctangent is <math>~\pm \infty.</math> Hence, the result of taking the arctangent is <math>~+\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math>, at the upper limit, and is <math>~-\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math> at the lower limit. Hence, we have, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{\biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) | |||
\biggr\} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
\biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] d\xi_1 | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \biggl[ - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{3/2}} \biggr]_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t r_t^2}{(\varpi_t^2 - r_t)^{3/2}} \biggr]\, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Now, in the special case we are considering here, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~a</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} | |||
= [\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2]^{1/2} \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2 \, , | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
which is the answer we were expecting for the volume of the (pink) torus. | |||
<!-- COMMENT OUT | |||
There are some differences between the last term obtained via the printed table of integrals versus via WolframAlpha's online integrator. Eventually, I would like to reconcile these differences. In the meantime, the integration limits appear to be a problem because (good news, perhaps) the first term involving <math>~\sin\zeta</math> goes to zero no matter how you slice it; but (bad news), the tangent function in the last term goes to <math>~\pm \infty</math>. So I'm not sure, yet, how to assess this result. | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\tfrac{1}{2}\pi a^3 \biggl\{ | |||
\frac{2(\xi_1^2 + 2)}{\xi_1(1-\xi_1^2)} + \ln\biggl[ \frac{1+\xi_1}{1-\xi_1} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
At first glance, this doesn't work because at both limiting values, the argument of the logarithm is negative. Maybe I need to change to cosh function before integrating. | |||
--> | |||
<!-- NO LONGER INTERESTED IN THE FOLLOWING... | |||
Let's try switching the order of the integrations. | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~2\pi a^3 | |||
\int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\zeta \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \biggl[\frac{d\xi_1}{ (\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^3 } \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~- \pi a^3 \int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\zeta | |||
\biggl\{\frac{1}{(\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^2} | |||
\biggr\}_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} | |||
\biggl[\frac{d\zeta}{(\varpi_t/r_t- \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
\biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
===Another Simple Toroidal-System Alignment=== | |||
Okay, because the struggle with our previous volume integration had to do with the limits on integration, let's try moving the origin of the toroidal-coordinate system to a position that lies outside of the (pink) torus — let's choose, <math>~0 < a < \varpi_t</math>. For simplicity, however, let's keep the origin in the equatorial plane, that is, set <math>~Z_0 = 0</math>. Given that <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math> and <math>~r_t = \tfrac{1}{4}</math>, from [[#Associated_Analytic_Expressions|our above derivations]] of the "radial-coordinate" limits of integration, we know that, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~C</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~1 \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\kappa</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) = a^2 - \tfrac{1}{2} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\beta_\pm</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
- \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] | |||
= -\frac{1}{2}\biggl(a^2 - \frac{1}{2} \biggr)\biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t }{(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)} \biggr] | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~\equiv</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~ | |||
\biggl(\frac{1}{2} - a^2\biggr)\biggl[\frac{3}{4} \mp \frac{1}{4} \biggr] \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Let's try, <math>~a = \tfrac{1}{2}</math>, in which case, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>\beta_+ = \frac{1}{8}</math> | |||
and | |||
<math>\beta_- = \frac{1}{4}\, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
and, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} | |||
= \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{4}{5} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} | |||
</math> | |||
and | |||
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = | |||
\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} | |||
\, ,</math> | |||
</div> | |||
FINISHED COMMENTING-OUT LINES THAT ARE NO LONGER OF INTEREST --> | |||
===Move General Case=== | |||
<font color="red"><b>NOTE:</b></font> A complete prescription of the toroidal-coordinate integration limits that are appropriate for a determination of the volume or the gravitational potential of a circular torus can be found in [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits#Toroidal-Coordinate_Integration_Limits|an accompanying discussion]]. | |||
In the more general case, the expression for the volume integral should be the same; all we should have to do is incorporate the more general integration ''limits'' as specified in our above evaluation of the gravitational potential. Hence, in the more general case we should have, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
+ \biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \tan^{-1}\biggl[\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Next, referencing various trigonometric relations, we note that, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\cos\zeta}{1+\cos\zeta} \biggr]^{1/2}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\xi_2}{1+\xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, in our expression for the torus volume, the argument of the arctangent may be written as, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\xi_2}{1+\xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{(1-\xi_2)}{(1+\xi_2)} \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)}{(\xi_1 - 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{\xi_1+1-\xi_1\xi_2 - \xi_2}{\xi_1 - 1 +\xi_1\xi_2 - \xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1- \xi_2)-(\xi_1\xi_2-1) }{(\xi_1- \xi_2) +(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 ) } \biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\cos\alpha }{1 +\cos\alpha } \biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\alpha}{2}\biggr) \, , </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
where, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<math>~\cos\alpha \equiv \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} </math> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow</math> | |||
<math>~\alpha \equiv \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] | |||
= \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\cos\zeta - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \cos\zeta)} \biggr] \, .</math> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, the volume integral may be written as, | |||
<div align="center" id="GeneralVolumeIntegration"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} | |||
+ \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\cos\zeta - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \cos\zeta)} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2} [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \xi_2 - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} | |||
+ \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2 - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{\xi_2|_-}^{\xi_2|_+} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
====Green Cropped-Top Volume==== | |||
Now, if we set <math>~Z_0 = h</math> with <math>~0 < h < r_t</math>, then the horizontal plane defined by <math>~z = Z_0</math> will cut through the circular torus, splitting it into two hemispheres — a lower, pink sub-volume and an upper, green sub-volume [[#Volume_with_Cropped_Top|as depicted in the above diagram]]. While using toroidal coordinates to perform the volume integral, we recognize that this horizontal plane is also identified by setting the angular coordinate to <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> [if <math>~a \leq (\varpi_t-b)</math>] or to <math>~\xi_2 = -1</math> [if <math>~a \geq (\varpi_t+b)</math>]. Then, using the former case as an example, for each value of <math>~\xi_1</math> (corresponding to a specific <math>\xi_1</math>- circle) the integral over the angular, <math>~\xi_2</math> coordinate should naturally break into two segments: The segment falling within the green sub-volume should have integration limits, <math>~\xi_2|_+ \rightarrow 1</math>; and the segment falling within the pink sub-volume should have integration limits, <math>~1 \rightarrow \xi_2|_-</math>. Let's see if specification of these limits allows us to derive an analytic expression for the green sub-volume that matches the expression for <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> [[#Volume_with_Cropped_Top|as derived above]] using cylindrical coordinates. | |||
Notice that, for the green sub-volume, the limits on <math>~\xi_1</math> should correspond to <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> and <math>~\varpi = (\varpi_t \pm b)</math>. Because, in general, | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\varpi</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1^2 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-\xi_2} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
this means that the limits on <math>~\xi_1</math> are (valid only for <math>0 < Z_0 < r_t</math>), | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\varpi_t \pm b</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1^2 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-1} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1 +1)^{1/2}(\xi_1 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-1} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
| |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a \biggl[\frac{\xi_1 +1}{\xi_1-1}\biggr]^{1/2} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ (\xi_1 - 1)\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~a^2(\xi_1 +1) </math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \xi_1\biggl\{\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2-a^2\biggr\} </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2 + a^2</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \xi_1\biggr|_\pm </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Hence, according to our [[#GeneralVolumeIntegration|just-derived volume integral]], we have, | |||
<div align="center" id="GreenAnalytic"> | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tr><th align="center" colspan="2"> | |||
Toroidal-Coordinate Integral Expression for Green Volume</th></tr> | |||
<tr><td align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_-}^{\xi_1|_+} d\xi_1 | |||
\biggl\{ | |||
\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2} [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \xi_2 - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} | |||
+ \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2 - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] | |||
\biggr\}_{1}^{\xi_2|_+} \, . | |||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
[[File:CropTopB.png|150px|right|Diagram of "Cropped Top" Torus]] | |||
</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
Note from J. E. Tohline: On 4 November 2015, a fortran subroutine was used to numerically perform this 1D integration and thereby determine the volume of the green segment of a "cropped top" torus. The name of this fortran code was … | |||
<pre>philip.hpc.lsu.edu:/home/tohline/fortran/Toroidal/testI3.for</pre> | |||
The following table presents results of tests run with different sets of physical parameters and different numbers of 1D integration steps (nzones); note that the analytic expression for the ''angular'' integration limit, <math>~\xi_2|_+</math>, is given in the [[#Parameters|above table of parameter expressions]]. In the following table, values of <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> obtained by numerical integration are compared with values obtained from the [[#GreenAnalytic|analytic expression derived above via a cylindrical-coordinate formulation]]. | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><th align="center" colspan="11"> | |||
Comparison of "Cropped-Top" Volume Determinations | |||
</th></tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center" rowspan="3"><math>~\varpi_t</math></td> | |||
<td align="center" rowspan="3"><math>~r_t</math></td> | |||
<td align="center" rowspan="3"><math>~a</math></td> | |||
<td align="center" rowspan="3"><math>~Z_0</math></td> | |||
<td align="center" colspan="5"><math>~V_\mathrm{green}/V_\mathrm{torus}</math></td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center" rowspan="2">Analytic</td> | |||
<td align="center" colspan="2">nzones = 5000</td> | |||
<td align="center" colspan="2">nzones = 500</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center">1D Integration</td> | |||
<td align="center">Error</td> | |||
<td align="center">1D Integration</td> | |||
<td align="center">Error</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"><math>\tfrac{3}{4}</math></td> | |||
<td align="center"><math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math></td> | |||
<td align="center"><math>\tfrac{1}{3}</math></td> | |||
<td align="center">0.24</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7727731D-03</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7727731D-03</td> | |||
<td align="center">-1.66D-08</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7727865D-03</td> | |||
<td align="center">-2.8D-06</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.23</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.3417064D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.3417065D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">-2.6D-08</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.3417115D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">-3.8D-06</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.20</td> | |||
<td align="center">5.2044018D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">5.2044021D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">-6.3D-08</td> | |||
<td align="center">5.2044404D-02</td> | |||
<td align="center">-7.4D-06</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.15</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.4237849D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.4237851D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-1.6D-07</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.4238095D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-1.7D-05</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.125</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.9550110D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.9550115D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-2.4D-07</td> | |||
<td align="center">1.9550595D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-2.5D-05</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.10</td> | |||
<td align="center">2.5231578D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">2.5231587D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-3.4D-07</td> | |||
<td align="center">2.5232459D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-3.5D-05</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.05</td> | |||
<td align="center">3.7353003D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">3.7353031D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-7.4D-07</td> | |||
<td align="center">3.7355809D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-7.5D-05</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center"> </td> | |||
<td align="center">0.01</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7454199D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7454347D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-3.3D-06</td> | |||
<td align="center">4.7465374D-01</td> | |||
<td align="center">-2.4D-04</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
====Total Volume by Summing Four Zones==== | |||
Let's stick with a discussion of the situation where we set <math>~Z_0 = h</math> with <math>~0 < h < r_t</math>, and now determine the total volume by adding together four sub-volumes. The green "cropped-top" region is the first of these sub-volume zones. The remaining (pink) portion of the torus can be broken into three adjoining segments — left-to-right — whose two edge boundaries plus two internal interfaces are identified by the following four special values of the "radial" coordinate: | |||
<div align="center"> | |||
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1\biggr|_+ </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t +\sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1\biggr|_- </math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, ,</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td align="right"> | |||
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="center"> | |||
<math>~=</math> | |||
</td> | |||
<td align="left"> | |||
<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2}\, .</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
</div> | |||
As presented in the following table, we have determined the values of these four boundary/interface radial coordinates for the same set of parameter values as in the previous table. Notice that, as listed, they represent monotonically increasing values of the radial coordinate. Between the first two boundaries and between the last two boundaries, the limits on the "angular" coordinate should be the normal, <math>~~~\xi_2|_-~\rightarrow ~\xi_2|_+ ~~~</math>. But between the second and third boundaries, the integration limits on the angular coordinate should be, <math>~\xi_2|_- ~\rightarrow~ +1</math>. | |||
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center"> | |||
<tr><th align="center" colspan="10"> | |||
Various Boundary Values for <math>~\xi_1</math> | |||
</th></tr> | |||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center" rowspan="1"><math>~\varpi_t</math></td> | ||
<math>~ | <td align="center" rowspan="1"><math>~r_t</math></td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center" rowspan="1"><math>~a</math></td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center" rowspan="1"><math>~Z_0</math></td> | ||
<math>~ | <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td> | ||
<math>~ | <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td> | ||
</math> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"><math>\tfrac{3}{4}</math></td> | ||
<td align="center"><math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math></td> | |||
<td align="center"><math>\tfrac{1}{3}</math></td> | |||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.24</td> | ||
<math> | <td align="center">1.1859</td> | ||
<td align="center">1.3959</td> | |||
<td align=" | <td align="center">1.6326</td> | ||
<math> | <td align="center">2.0312</td> | ||
</ | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
< | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.23</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.1900</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.3655</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">1.7077</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">2.0630</td> | ||
< | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
| <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.20</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.2021</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.3180</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">1.8929</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">2.1603</td> | ||
</ | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
| <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.15</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.2209</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.2808</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">2.1611</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">2.3213</td> | ||
</ | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
< | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.125</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.2291</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.2700</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">2.2808</td> | ||
<td align="center">2.3963</td> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
< | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.10</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.2363</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.2622</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">2.3872</td> | ||
<td align="center">2.4637</td> | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
< | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.05</td> | ||
<td align="center">1.2464</td> | |||
</td> | <td align="center">1.2529</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">2.5436</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">2.5638</td> | ||
= | |||
</ | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
| <td align="center"> </td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center"> </td> | ||
<td align="center"> | <td align="center">0.01</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">1.2499</td> | ||
</td> | <td align="center">1.2501</td> | ||
<td align=" | <td align="center">2.5977</td> | ||
< | <td align="center">2.5985</td> | ||
</ | |||
</td> | |||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
=See Also= | =See Also= | ||
* [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits#Toroidal-Coordinate_Integration_Limits|Detailed Illustration of Toroidal Coordinates and Integration Limits]] | |||
* Ramblings Appendix Chapter: [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Toroidal_Configurations_and_Related_Coordinate_Systems|Determining the Relationships between Toroidal Coordinates and other Coordinate Systems]] | |||
* Examine the expressions for the gravitational potential derived in §2.1 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...394..248W Woodward, Sankaran & Tohline (1992, ApJ, 394, 248)]. | |||
* Documentation for the gnu/GSL [http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/html_node/Special-Functions.html#Special-Functions Special Function Library] | |||
** Specifically … [http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/html_node/Elliptic-Integrals.html#Elliptic-Integrals Elliptic Integrals] | |||
* Linking to GSL on [http://www.hpc.lsu.edu/docs/guides/software.php?software=gsl LSU's HPC systems] | |||
=References= | =References= |
Latest revision as of 00:08, 27 May 2018
Using Toroidal Coordinates to Determine the Gravitational Potential
Preface
It appears as though we have found an answer to this question posed by Trova, et al. (2012). The detailed derivations and associated scratch-work that support the summary discussion of this chapter can be found under the Appendix/Ramblings category of this H_Book and in our accompanying discussion of Dyson-Wong toroids.
As has been known for approximately a century, at any meridional-plane coordinate location, <math>~(\varpi,z)</math>, the gravitational potential due to an axisymmetric, infinitesimally thin ring (TR) of radius, <math>~a</math>, and total mass, <math>~M</math>, is given by the "key expression,"
and <math>~K(k)</math> is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. Making the coordinate-name substitutions, <math>~(\varpi,z) \rightarrow (R_*,z_*)</math>, to match much of this chapter's variable notation, we have alternatively,
A number of research groups (e.g., Cohl & Tohline (1999), Bannikova et al. (2011), Trova, et al. (2012), Fukushima (2016)) have recognized that the gravitational potential due to any axisymmetric configuration of finite extent can be obtained by integrating over the meridional-plane surface area that is occupied by the configuration, while weighting the volume density, <math>~\rho(\varpi,z)</math>, according to the prescription,
where,
We, like Trova, et al. (2012), have wondered whether there is a possibility of converting this double integral into a single (line) integral. This is a particularly challenging task when this expression for the gravitational potential is couched in terms of cylindrical coordinates because the modulus of the elliptic integral is explicitly a function of both <math>~\varpi</math> and <math>~z</math>. We have recently realized that if a switch is made from cylindrical coordinates to a toroidal coordinate system, <math>~(\eta,\theta)</math>, that is defined such that,
then the expression for the modulus of the elliptic integral becomes,
which is a function of only one coordinate — the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math> — and the integral expression for the gravitational potential becomes,
If the configuration's density is constant, then, as is shown below, the integral over the angular coordinate variable, <math>~\theta</math>, can be completed analytically. Hence, the task of evaluating the gravitational potential (both inside and outside) of a uniform-density, axisymmetric configuration having any surface shape has been reduced a problem of carrying out a single, line integration. We specifically illustrate how this approach can be used to evaluate the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus with a circular cross-section and aspect ratio, <math>~R/d = 3</math>. Note: As we have reviewed separately, it appears as though over forty years ago C.-Y. Wong (1973) successfully employed toroidal coordinates to derive a closed-form expression for the potential (inside as well as outside) of a uniform-density torus with a circular cross-section; see, for example, his Figure 7. That is to say, he was even able to carry out the final line integral in closed form. We have not (yet) been able to demonstrate that our expression for the potential of a circular-cross-section torus is identical to his. |
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Exploring the Use of Toroidal Coordinates to Determine the Gravitational Potential |
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As I have studied the structure and analyzed the stability of (both self-gravitating and non-self-gravitating) toroidal configurations over the years, I have often wondered whether it might be useful to examine such systems mathematically using a toroidal — or at least a toroidal-like — coordinate system. Is it possible, for example, to build an equilibrium torus for which the density distribution is one-dimensional as viewed from a well-chosen toroidal-like system of coordinates?
I should begin by clarifying my terminology. In volume II (p. 666) of their treatise on Methods of Theoretical Physics, Morse & Feshbach (1953; hereafter MF53) define an orthogonal toroidal coordinate system in which the Laplacian is separable.1 (See details, below.) It is only this system that I will refer to as the toroidal coordinate system; all other functions that trace out toroidal surfaces but that don't conform precisely to Morse & Feshbach's coordinate system will be referred to as toroidal-like.
I became particularly interested in this idea while working with Howard Cohl (when he was an LSU graduate student). Howie's dissertation research uncovered a Compact Cylindrical Greens Function technique for evaluating Newtonian potentials of rotationally flattened (especially axisymmetric) configurations.2,3 The technique involves a multipole expansion in terms of half-integer-degree Legendre functions of the <math>2^\mathrm{nd}</math> kind — see NIST digital library discussion — where, we have discovered, the argument of this special function is a function only of the radial coordinate of Morse & Feshbach's orthogonal toroidal coordinate system — see more on this, below.
Statement of the Problem
Expression for the Axisymmetric Potential
Cohl & Tohline (1999; hereafter CT99) derive an expression for the Newtonian gravitational potential in terms of a Compact Cylindrical Green's Function expansion. They show — see, for example, their equation (31) — that when expressed in terms of cylindrical coordinates, the potential at any meridional location, <math>\varpi = R_*</math> and <math>~Z = Z_*</math>, due to an axisymmetric mass distribution, <math>~\rho(\varpi, Z)</math>, is
<math> \Phi(R_*,Z_*) = - \frac{2Gq_0}{R_*^{1/2}} , </math>
where,
<math> q_0 = \int_\Sigma \varpi^{1/2} Q_{-1/2}(\Chi) \rho(\varpi, Z) d\sigma, </math>
<math>~d\sigma = d\varpi dZ</math> is a differential area element in the meridional plane, and the dimensionless argument (the modulus) of the special function, <math>~Q_{-1/2}</math>, is,
<math> \Chi \equiv \frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi} . </math>
Next, following the lead of CT99, we note that according to the Abramowitz & Stegun (1965),
<math>Q_{-1/2}(\Chi) = \mu K(\mu) \, ,</math>
where, the function <math>~K(\mu)</math> is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and, for our particular problem,
<math>~\mu^2</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~2(1+\Chi)^{-1}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ 2\biggl[ 1+\frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi}\biggr]^{-1} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl[\frac{4R_*\varpi}{(R_* + \varpi)^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2} \biggr] \, . </math> |
Hence, we can write,
<math> q_0 = \int\int \varpi^{1/2} \mu K(\mu) \rho(\varpi, Z) d\varpi dZ \, . </math>
As has been explained in an accompanying set of notes, this is precisely the same expression for the gravitational potential that A. Trova, J.-M. Huré and F. Hersant (2012; MNRAS, 424, 2635) used in their study of the potential of self-gravitating, axisymmetric discs.
Our objective, here, is to examine whether or not it might be advantageous to transform this expression to one in which the double integral is performed on a toroidal, rather than a cylindrical, coordinate system.
Chosen Test Mass Distribution
For purposes of illustration, we will follow the lead of Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012) — see the left-hand panel of the following figure ensemble — and seek to determine the gravitational potential, both inside and outside, of a uniform-density, equatorial-plane torus whose (pink) meridional cross-section is exactly a circle. More specifically, as illustrated in our Figure 1 — see the right-hand panel of the following figure ensemble — at all azimuthal angles, a cross-section through the (pink) torus is prescribed by the familiar algebraic expression for an off-center circle, namely,
<math>~(\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 + Z^2</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~r_t^2 \, .</math> |
Everywhere inside this toroidal surface we set <math>~\rho(\varpi, Z) = \rho_0</math>, that is, the density is uniform with the value, <math>~\rho_0</math>.
Figure 4 extracted without modification from p. 2640 of Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012)
"The Potential of Discs from a 'Mean Green Function' "
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 424, pp. 2635-2645 © RAS |
Our Figure 1 |
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Notice that another off-center circle — this one with a purple perimeter and otherwise white, rather than pink — appears in our Figure 1 diagram. In the discussion that follows, it will be used to represent the meridional-plane cross-section of one axisymmetric surface in an MF53 toroidal-coordinate system. Here we simply point out that this "surface" is also prescribed by an algebraic expression for an off-center circle, namely,
<math>~(R_0 - \varpi)^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~r_0^2 \, .</math> |
Toroidal Coordinates
Click here to find a supporting, detailed illustration of Toroidal Coordinates and relevant integration limits.
Properties
Here we highlight certain properties and features of the MF53 toroidal coordinate system; more details can be found in a related set of our online notes. Most importantly in the context of our discussion, if (at all azimuthal angles) the origin of the toroidal coordinate system is placed at the cylindrical-coordinate location, <math>~(a, Z_0), </math> the pair of orthogonal coordinates, <math>~(\xi_1, \xi_2)</math>, is related to the cylindrical coordinate pair, <math>~(\varpi, Z)</math>, via the expressions,
[MF53] | Wikipedia | |||
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<math> ~\frac{\varpi}{a} </math> |
<math> ~= </math> |
<math> ~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} </math> |
<math> ~= </math> |
<math> ~\frac{\sinh\tau}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \, , </math> |
<math> ~\frac{(Z_0 - Z)}{a} </math> |
<math> ~= </math> |
<math> ~\pm~\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} </math> |
<math> ~= </math> |
<math> ~\frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\tau - \cos\theta} \, . </math> |
An off-center circle — such as the white circle with purple perimeter depicted in our Figure 1 diagram — is generated if a value of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>, is chosen from within the range,
[MF53] | Wikipedia | |
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<math>~+1 \leq \xi_1 < \infty</math> |
or, equivalently |
<math>~0 \leq \tau < \infty \, ,</math> |
and held fixed while the "angular" coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>, is varied over the range,
[MF53] | Wikipedia | |
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<math>~ -1 \leq \xi_2 \leq +1</math> |
or, more completely |
<math>~-\pi < \theta \leq \pi</math> |
Hereafter, we will refer to this <math>~\xi_1</math> = constant circle as a "<math>\xi_1</math>-circle." A <math>\xi_1</math>-circle of radius zero and, hence, the origin of the toroidal coordinate system is associated with the upper limiting value of the radial coordinate, namely, <math>~\xi_1 = \infty</math>; as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased monotonically, the radius of the circle (for example, the circle of radius, <math>~r_0</math>, in our Figure 1) steadily grows; and the radius of this circle becomes infinite at the radial coordinate's other limiting value, <math>~\xi_1 = 1</math>.
In the <math>~Z = Z_0</math> plane, the location of the inner and outer edges of the toroidal-coordinate surface are determined by setting <math>~\xi_2 = -1</math> (inner) and <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> (outer). Hence,
<math> ~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math> ~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 +1} = \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 - 1)}{(\xi_1 + 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} \, , </math> |
<math> ~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math> ~\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - 1} = \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 + 1)}{(\xi_1 - 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} \, . </math> |
Hence, also, the (cylindrical) radial location of the "center" of each toroidal-coordinate surface — labeled <math>~R_0</math> in our Figure 1 — is given by the expression,
<math> R_0 = \frac{a}{2} \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} \biggr] = \frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \, , </math>
and the surface's cross-sectional radius — labeled <math>~r_0</math> in our Figure 1 — is given by the expression,
<math> r_0 = \frac{a}{2} \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{outer} - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a}\biggr)_\mathrm{inner} \biggr] = \frac{a}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \, . </math>
This last expression quantifies, and its simplicity reinforces, our earlier statement; that is, as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased monotonically, the radius of the circle, <math>~r_0</math>, steadily grows. The next-to-last expression makes it clear, as well, that <math>~R_0</math> grows larger and, therefore, the location of the center of a <math>\xi_1</math>-circle shifts farther away from the symmetry axis as the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is decreased. Notice that, for any off-center circle, the ratio of these to lengths gives the value of the toroidal-coordinate system's dimensionless "radial" coordinate, that is,
<math>~\frac{R_0}{r_0} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[\frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}\biggr] \biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{a}\biggr] = \xi_1 \, .</math> |
Notice, furthermore, that there is a particular combination of these two lengths that is independent of <math>~\xi_1</math>, namely,
<math>~r_0 \biggl[\biggl( \frac{R_0}{r_0} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggl[\xi_1^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} = a \, .</math> |
This is a manner in which one can determine the radial position, <math>~a</math>, of the origin of the toroidal coordinate system that could legitimately be associated with any particular off-center circle, such as the white circle with a purple perimeter drawn in our Figure 1.
Connection With the Physical Problem
Earlier, we stated that the off-center circle with purple perimeter displayed in Figure 1 is prescribed by the algebraic expression,
<math>~(R_0 - \varpi)^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~r_0^2 \, .</math> |
Let's plug in the "toroidal-coordinate" expressions for each parameter that appears on the left-hand side of this relation and see whether, after simplification, it reduces to the right-hand side.
LHS |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~(R_0 - \varpi)^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{a\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} - \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[\pm~\frac{a(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2}\biggr]^2</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \biggl\{ \biggl[ \xi_1 - \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2} }{\xi_1 - \xi_2}\biggr]^2 \biggr\} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl\{ \biggl[ \xi_1(\xi_1-\xi_2) - (\xi_1^2 - 1) \biggr]^2 + (1-\xi_2^2)(\xi_1^2 - 1) \biggr\} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl[ ( 1-\xi_1\xi_2 )^2 + (\xi_1^2 - 1 -\xi_1^2\xi_2^2 + \xi_2^2) \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2} \biggl[ \xi_1^2 -2\xi_1\xi_2 + \xi_2^2 \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \, . </math> |
This, indeed, equals the right-hand side of the relation, which is, <math>~r_0^2</math>. It all nicely checks out!
Next, taking a hint from the EUREKA! moment recorded in our accompanying notes, let's rewrite the function <math>~\Chi</math> in terms of toroidal rather than cylindrical coordinates, where <math>~\Chi</math> is the argument of the special function, <math>~Q_{-1/2}</math>, that appears in the above definition of <math>~q_0</math>. More specifically, let's assume that the coordinate location at which the gravitational potential is to be evaluated, <math>~(R_*, Z_*)</math>, is taken to be the cylindrical-coordinate location of the origin of the toroidal coordinate system, <math>~(a, Z_0)</math>. Given this association, we can write,
<math>~\Chi </math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~\frac{R_*^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_* - Z)^2}{2R_* \varpi}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a^2 + \varpi^2 + (Z_0 - Z)^2}{2a \varpi}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{1 + (\varpi/a)^2 + [(Z_0 - Z)/a]^2}{2(\varpi/a) }</math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~ \Chi^2 </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ 2 \biggl( \frac{\varpi}{a} \biggr) \biggr]^{-2} \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{a} \biggr)^2 + \biggl[\frac{(Z_0 - Z)}{a} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^{-2} \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl[\frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[\pm~\frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} + \frac{(1-\xi_2^2)}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} \biggr]^2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{1}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} \biggl[ (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2 + (\xi_1^2 - 1) + (1-\xi_2^2) \biggr]^2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{[ 2\xi_1(\xi_1 - \xi_2 ) ]^2}{4(\xi_1^2 - 1)(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{\xi_1^2}{\xi_1^2 - 1} \, . </math> |
Hence, when the function, <math>~q_0</math>, is rewritten in terms of the elliptic integral of the first kind, <math>~K(\mu)</math>, the modulus of <math>~K</math> can be written as,
<math>~\mu^2</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2[1+\Chi]^{-1}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\biggl[1+\frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr]^{-1}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1} \, .</math> |
This is the key result motivating the use of a toroidal coordinate system to evaluate the gravitational potential: When expressed in an appropriately defined toroidal coordinate system, the modulus of the special function is a function of one, rather than two, spatial coordinates. This gives some hope that the integral over the second (angular) coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>, can be completed analytically, giving rise to an expression for the gravitational potential whose evaluation only requires numerical integration over a single (radial) coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>.
Finally, drawing on discussion in our accompanying set of notes, we recognize that, expressed in terms of toroidal coordinates, the differential area element in the meridional plane is,
<math>~d\sigma</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ a^2 \biggl[ \frac{d\xi_1}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] \, . </math> |
Putting everything together, then, the (indefinite) integral expression for <math>~q_0</math>, expressed in terms of toroidal-coordinates, is,
<math>~q_0</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \int \int \biggl[ \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1 - \xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} \mu K(\mu) \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) \biggl[ \frac{a}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{a}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] d\xi_1 d\xi_2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~a^{5/2} \int (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{-1/4} \mu K(\mu) d\xi_1 \int \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) \biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^{5/2}(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} \int [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{-1/2} K(\mu) d\xi_1 \int \rho(\xi_1, \xi_2) \biggl[ \frac{d\xi_2}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2)^{5/2}(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2}} \biggr] \, . </math> |
Making the substitution,
<math>~\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ \cos\theta</math> <math>~\Rightarrow</math> <math>~d\xi_2~ \rightarrow ~ - \sin\theta ~d\theta</math> ,
gives,
<math>~q_0</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-2^{1/2} a^{5/2} \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) d\xi_1}{[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } \int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}} \rho(\xi_1, \theta) \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, , </math> |
where we have now explicitly introduced four parameters to set definite limits on the nested pair of integrations. Making the additional substitution,
<math>~\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \cosh x</math> <math>~\Rightarrow</math> <math>~d\xi_1~ \rightarrow ~ \sinh x ~dx</math> ,
gives,
<math>~q_0</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~- 2^{1/2} a^{5/2} \int\limits_{x_\mathrm{min}}^{x_\mathrm{max}} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} \int\limits_{\theta_\mathrm{min}}^{\theta_\mathrm{max}} \rho(\xi_1, \theta) \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, , </math> |
where, written in terms of <math>~x</math>,
<math>~\mu</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl[\frac{2\sinh x}{\sinh x+\cosh x}\biggr]^{1/2} \, . </math> |
Perform Angular Integration Over Test Mass Distribution
While, in principle, the pair of nested integrals must be carried out over all of space using the limits,
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = 1 \, , ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, , ~\theta_\mathrm{min} = - \pi \, ,</math> and <math>~\theta_\mathrm{max} = + \pi \, ,</math>
in practice, the limits should be set to reflect the volume boundaries of the mass distribution that is responsible for generating the gravitational potential. Here we present analytic expressions for these limits in the case of the (pink) toroidal test mass distribution specified above; details regarding the derivation of these expressions can be found in our accompanying set of notes.
Identifying Limits of Integration
Figure 2 |
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The animation shown here in Figure 2 builds upon the configuration displayed in our Figure 1, above. It shows a meridional cross-section through the selected (pink) uniform-density, toroidal mass distribution, whose geometric properties are fully determined by specifying values for <math>~\varpi_t</math> and <math>~r_t</math>. (For the example illustrated in Figure 2, we have specified the same values used by Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012) to construct their Figure 4, as reprinted above; namely, <math>~\varpi_t = 3/4</math> and <math>~r_t = 1/4</math>.) Throughout the Figure 2 animation sequence, these two parameters have been fixed — thereby fixing the properties of the (pink) torus — and, in addition, we have fixed the location of the origin of a toroidal coordinate system — identified by the red-filled circular dot. We explicitly associate this coordinate-system origin with the (cylindrical) coordinates of the point in space at which we choose to evaluate the gravitational potential, namely, <math>~(R_*, Z_*) = (a, Z_0)</math>. [For illustration purposes, in Figure 2 we have set <math>~(a, Z_0) = (1/3, 3/4)</math>.]
While the values of the four primary model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t)</math> are held fixed, Figure 2 depicts in a quantitatively precise manner how the size of a <math>~\xi_1</math>= constant toroidal surface (the off-center circle traced by the sequence of black dots) varies as the value of the radial coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>, is varied. In each frame of the animation sequence, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> that was used to define the (black) <math>\xi_1</math>-circle is printed in the lower-right corner of the image; additional quantitative details associated with each animation frame can be obtained from the table titled, "Example 2" in our accompanying notes.
As the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> is varied from large values (small black circles) to smaller values (larger black circles), there is a maximum value, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math>, at which the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle first makes contact with the (pink) equatorial-plane torus, and there is a minimum value, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math>, at which it makes its final contact. These are the limiting values of the toroidal radial coordinate to be used in the integration that produces <math>~q_0</math>. At all values within the parameter range,
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} > \xi_1 > ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} \, ,</math>
the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle intersects the surface of the torus in two locations, defined by two different values of the associated angular coordinate, <math>~\xi_2</math>. In each frame of the animation, points of intersection are marked with small yellow diamonds; the coordinates of these points of intersection are listed in the table associated with example 2, in our accompanying notes. For each relevant value of <math>~\xi_1</math>, these are the limiting values of the toroidal angular coordinate to be used in the integration that produces <math>~q_0</math>. It should be realized that, at the first and final points of contact, the two values of <math>~\xi_2</math> are degenerate.
Notice in the animation that, while the origin of the selected toroidal coordinate system (the filled red dot) remains fixed, the center of the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle does not remain fixed. In order to highlight this behavior, the location of the center of the <math>\xi_1</math>-circle has been marked by a filled, light-blue square and, in keeping with the earlier Figure 1 diagram, a vertical, light-blue line connects this center to the equatorial plane of the cylindrical coordinate system.
Associated Analytic Expressions
We define the following terms that are functions only of the four principal model parameters, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t)</math>, and therefore can be treated as constants while carrying out the pair of nested integrals that determine <math>~q_0</math>:
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Then,
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.1927843</math> and <math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.0449467\, ,</math>
which implies,
<math>x_\mathrm{max} = \tanh^{-1}\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr) \approx 0.61137548 </math> and <math>x_\mathrm{min} = \tanh^{-1}\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr) \approx 0.29871048 \, .</math>
Also let,
<math>~\xi_1 \rightarrow \cosh x \, ,</math> in which case, <math>~(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2} \rightarrow \sinh x</math> and, <math>~(1-\xi_1^{-2})^{-1/2} = \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}} \rightarrow \coth x\, ,</math>
and define,
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Figure 3 |
---|
Then, for each value of the radial coordinate, <math>~\xi_1 = \cosh x</math>, within the range,
<math>~x_\mathrm{max} \geq x \geq x_\mathrm{min} \, ,</math>
the limiting values <math>~(\pm)</math> of the angular coordinate are,
<math>~\xi_2\biggr|_\pm</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \cosh x - \sinh x \biggl( \frac{2a^2}{\kappa}\cdot \frac{A}{B} \biggr) \biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-\frac{AC}{B^2}}\biggr]^{-1} \, . </math> |
This provides the desired analytic expression for the two limits of integration over the angular coordinate that must be carried out in order to evaluate the key function, <math>~q_0</math>, in our determination of the gravitational potential at the cylindrical-coordinate location, <math>~(R_*, Z_*) = (a, Z_0)</math>.
We should note that at both limits — that is, at the two values of <math>~x</math> for which the functions <math>~A</math> and <math>~B</math> have been evaluated, immediately above — the ratio under the square-root,
<math>~\frac{AC}{B^2} = 1 \, .</math>
Hence, at both radial-coordinate limits, the two angular-coordinate limits, <math>~\xi_2|_\pm</math>, are degenerate. Furthermore, we have discovered that the value of this degeneracy angle is exactly the same at both radial-coordinate limits; specifically, we find that, for our chosen test-mass distribution,
<math>~\xi_2\biggr|_\mathrm{deg} \approx 0.885198 \, .</math>
This means that exactly the same <math>\xi_2</math>-constant, toroidal-coordinate "line" intersects the surface of the (pink) test-mass torus at both the point of first contact <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{max})</math> and the point of final contact <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{min})</math>. In order to illustrate this, this particular <math>\xi_2</math>-constant "line" has been traced by a sequence of red dots in Figure 3. As just described, it passes smoothly through the points on the surface of the (pink) torus where the <math>\xi_1</math>-circles make first (small black-dotted circle) and final (large black-dotted circle) contact.
Integrate
Because the density is uniform throughout our test model torus, it can be pulled out of both integrals. In combination with the limits of integration just derived, we can therefore write,
<math>~q_0</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-2^{1/2} a^{5/2}\rho_0 \int\limits_{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_-)]}^{\tanh^{-1}[a/(\varpi_t-\beta_+)]} \frac{K(\mu) \sinh x ~dx}{( \sinh x+\cosh x )^{1/2}} \int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] \, . </math> |
Now, using WolframAlpha's online integrator, we find …
Hence, the inner integral over our toroidal system's angular coordinate gives,
<math>~\int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-\biggl\{ \frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr[ \sin \theta(-5\xi_1^2 + 4\xi_1 \cos \theta + 1) </math> |
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<math>~ + (\xi_1+1)(\xi_1-1)^2 \biggl( \frac{\xi_1 - \cos \theta}{\xi_1-1} \biggr)^{3/2} F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) </math> |
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<math>~ + 4\xi_1 (\xi_1-1)\biggl( \frac{\xi_1-\cos \theta}{\xi_1-1}\biggr)^{1/2} (\cos \theta - \xi_1) E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) \biggr] \biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} </math> |
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<math>~ + \frac{2(\xi_1-1)^{1/2}}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) - (\xi_1+1) F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} </math> |
This last expression exactly matches the expression found in the integral tables published by Gradshteyn & Ryzhik (1965) — specifically, relation 2.575(5) — after it is realized that the second argument of both elliptic integral functions, as published in GR65, is the square-root of the parameter, <math>~m = k^2</math>, provided by WolframAlpha.
We now have to deal with the realization that, for our particular problem, <math>~\xi_1 \geq 1</math>, which means that the second argument, <math>~m = 2/(1-\xi_1)</math>, of both elliptical integral functions is negative (if not zero). Following the discussion provided at mymathlib.com, we define,
<math>~k_1 \equiv \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1-1}} </math> and <math>~k_1^' \equiv \sqrt{1-(ik_1)^2} = \sqrt{1 + \frac{2}{\xi_1-1}} = \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 + 1}{\xi_1 - 1}} \, ,</math>
in which case,
<math>~\frac{k_1}{k_1^'} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \, ,</math>
and we can write,
<math>~F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) ~~\rightarrow ~~ F\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} , ik_1\biggr) </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{1}{k_1^'} \biggl[K\biggl( \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) - F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) \biggr] \, ,</math> |
<math>~E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} \biggr| \frac{-2}{\xi_1-1}\biggr) ~~\rightarrow ~~ E\biggl( \frac{\theta}{2} , ik_1\biggr) </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~k_1^' \biggl[E\biggl( \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) - E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \frac{k_1}{k_1^'} \biggr) \biggr] \, .</math> |
Hence,
<math>~\int\limits_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{2}{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggl\{\biggr[ \frac{ \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} \biggr] </math> |
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<math>~ + 4\xi_1(\xi_1-1)^{1/2} \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 + 1}{\xi_1 - 1}} \biggl[E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] </math> |
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<math>~ - (\xi_1-1)^{1/2} (\xi_1+1) \sqrt{\frac{\xi_1 - 1}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggl[K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]\biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{2(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} </math> |
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<math>~ - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) + (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . </math> |
We have therefore succeeded in deriving an expression for the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus that requires numerical integration over only one dimension, that is, the "radial" dimension, <math>~\xi_1</math>. The final, combined expression is,
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Code Layout
Here are some suggestions related to the development of a computer program that can perform the one-dimensional integral over <math>~\xi_1</math>.
STEP 1: Specify numerical values for torus parameters … varpi_t & r_t STEP 2: Associate the parameters "a" and "Z0" with the cylindrical coordinate location (R*,Z*) at which gravitational potential is to be evaluated. STEP 3: Given the numerical values for these four parameters, calculate "kappa", "C", "beta_plus", and "beta_minus" as prescribed by the following algebraic relations …
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STEP 4: The (numerical values of the) limits of integration are set by the following two expressions …
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} </math>
and
<math>\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2}\, .</math>
STEP 4 (cont.): Establish a 1D grid with, say, 100 zones, assigning values of xi_1 that are equally spaced between these two limiting values; let "delta" be the grid spacing. (Perhaps use logarithmic spacing.) The mid-point value of the coordinate location of the accompanying 99 grid cells should also be determined. STEP 5: For each of the 99 grid-cell coordinate values, "xi1", calculate the following parameter, or aggregate-term, values:
|
<math>~T(\theta)</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~ \frac{\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) + (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \, , </math> |
<math>~\Phi(a,Z_0)</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \Phi_0 \sum_{n=1}^{99} \mathrm{delta}\cdot \mathrm{coef} \cdot [T(\theta_\mathrm{max}) - T(\theta_\mathrm{min})] \, . </math> |
Special Case
In the context of the (pink torus) test-mass distribution being discussed here, a review of the properties of a toroidal coordinate system highlights one particularly interesting (cylindrical) coordinate location at which the gravitational potential should be evaluated:
<math>~\{ R_*, Z_* \} = \biggl\{r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2}, 0 \biggr\} \, .</math>
By placing the origin of the toroidal coordinate system at this and only this location — that is, by setting,
<math>~a</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} = (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)^{1/2} \, ,</math> |
— the limits of integration can be specified very simply: There is only one <math>\xi_1</math>-circle that intersects the surface of the torus and it does so by, not simply intersecting, but by perfectly aligning with the surface. This perfect overlap with the surface of the torus happens for the coordinate circle associated with,
<math>~\xi_1 = \xi_s \equiv \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \, .</math>
All <math>\xi_1</math>-circles larger than this one — that is, all circles corresponding to values of
<math>~\xi_1 < \xi_s </math>
— lie entirely outside of the (pink) torus and therefore need not be included in the integration to determine the gravitational potential; while all <math>\xi_1</math>-circles smaller than this one — that is, all circles corresponding to values of
<math>~\xi_1 > \xi_s </math>
— lie entirely inside of the (pink) torus. Hence, in this special case the radial-coordinate integration limits are,
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} </math> and <math>~~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, .</math>
Furthermore, because the corresponding <math>\xi_1</math>-circles fall entirely inside (or on the surface of) the torus for all values of <math>~\xi_1</math> in this latter range, the integral over the "angular" toroidal coordinate, <math>~\theta \equiv \cos^{-1}\xi_2</math>, will have the simple limits,
<math>~\theta_\mathrm{min} = - \pi </math> and <math>~\theta_\mathrm{max} = + \pi \, .</math>
(More practically, we will integrate from zero to <math>~\pi</math>, and double the result.) Hence, the inner integral over our toroidal system's angular coordinate gives,
<math>~ \int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr] </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{d\theta}{(\xi_1 - \cos\theta)^{5/2}} \biggr]</math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ \frac{ \sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) + (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{0}^{\pi} </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] \, . </math> |
So, we have,
<math>~q_0</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2^{1/2} a^{5/2} \rho_0 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{-1/2} K(\mu) \biggl\{ \frac{4(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} }{3(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] \biggr\} d\xi_1 \, , </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{2^{5/2} a^{5/2} \rho_0}{3} \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] d\xi_1 </math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~\Phi(\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2}, 0)</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ - \frac{2^{7/2} (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) G\rho_0}{3} \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2[ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } \biggr[ 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) - (\xi_1-1) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr] d\xi_1 \, , </math> |
where,
<math>~\mu</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{2(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1} \biggr]^{1/2} \, .</math> |
TO BE DONE:
This expression should be evaluated at <math>~\eta^' = +\infty</math>, in which case it appears as though it should match our "special case" result for all values of the polar angle, <math>~\theta^'</math>. |
Let's see if the expression simplifies somewhat by adopting a variable,
<math>~\epsilon \equiv \frac{1}{\xi_1}</math> <math>~\Rightarrow</math> <math>~d\xi_1 ~\rightarrow ~ d(\epsilon^{-1}) = - \epsilon^{-2} d\epsilon \, .</math>
Making this substitution, and defining,
<math>\Phi_\mathrm{norm} \equiv \frac{2^{3} (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) G\rho_0}{3} \, ,</math>
we have,
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{norm}^{-1} \Phi(\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2}, 0)</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \int\limits_{r_t/\varpi_t}^0 \frac{2^{1/2}\epsilon(1+\epsilon)^{1/2}K(\mu) }{(1 - \epsilon^2)^2[ (1-\epsilon^2)^{1/2}+1 ]^{1/2} } \biggr[ 4E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) - (1-\epsilon) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) \biggr] d\epsilon \, , </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \int\limits_{r_t/\varpi_t}^0 \frac{\epsilon \mu K(\mu)}{(1 - \epsilon^2)^2} \biggl[ \frac{1+\epsilon}{1 - \epsilon} \biggr]^{1/4} \biggr[ 4E\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) - (1-\epsilon) K\biggl( \sqrt{\frac{2\epsilon}{1 + \epsilon}} \biggr) \biggr] d\epsilon \, , </math> |
where,
<math>~\mu</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2^{1/2} [ 1 + (1- \epsilon^2)^{-1/2} ]^{-1/2} \, .</math> |
Total Mass
How do I know whether or not I have made mistakes in these derivations? Aside from the published work of Trova, Huré & Hersant (2012), how do I know what the correct answer for the gravitational potential of a uniform-density torus is?
A degree of assurance can be drawn by carrying out a similar pair of nested integrations to determine the total mass (or volume) of the torus that is defined by our chosen test-mass distribution. As can be found in many mathematics handbooks, or online, the volume of our defined torus should be,
<math>~V_\mathrm{torus} = 2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2 \, .</math>
Using Cylindrical Coordinates
Total Volume
Let's start by integrating the three-dimensional volume element, <math>~dV_{3D}</math>, over the azimuthal angle to obtain an expression for the two-dimensional differential volume element that is written in terms of the meridional-plane differential area, <math>~d\sigma</math>, as used in our definition of <math>~q_0</math>, above. Using the notation of MF53 (but employing the opposite sign convention from them), in cylindrical coordinates we have,
<math>~dV_{3D}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~- [h_1 d\xi_1 ] [h_2 d\xi_2] [h_3 d\xi_3] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-~d\xi_1 \biggl[\frac{\xi_1}{\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2}} d\xi_2 \biggr] d\xi_3 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-~d\varpi \biggl[\frac{\varpi d(\cos\varphi) }{\sqrt{1-\cos^2\varphi}} \biggr] dz </math> |
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<math>~=</math> |
<math>+~[\varpi d\varphi ] d\sigma \, , </math> |
where, as before in cylindrical coordinates, <math>~d\sigma = d\varpi dz</math>. From this we obtain,
<math>~dV_{2D}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\varpi d\sigma \int_0^{2\pi} d\varphi </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \varpi d\sigma \, .</math> |
Now in order to finish the volume integration, we need the limits of integration in the meridional plane. These can be obtained from the above algebraic description of the (pink) test-mass torus as an off-center circle. Specifically, we have,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} \varpi d\varpi \int\limits_{-\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}}^{\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}} dz </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~4\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} \sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} \varpi d\varpi </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{ 3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{\varpi - \varpi_t}{ \sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 }} \biggr] - [r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 ]^{1/2}~(2r_t^2 + \varpi_t^2 + \varpi_t \varpi - 2\varpi^2) \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - r_t)}^{(\varpi_t + r_t)} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math> ~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{r_t}{0 } \biggr] - 0 \biggr\} -~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl\{3r_t^2 \varpi_t \tan^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{-r_t}{0} \biggr] - 0 \biggr\} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math> ~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl[ 3r_t^2 \varpi_t \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) \biggr] +~\frac{2\pi}{3} \biggl[ 3r_t^2 \varpi_t \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math> ~2\pi^2 r_t^2 \varpi_t \, , </math> |
where we have carried out the second integration using the WolframAlpha online integral calculator:
This is the answer for the volume of a torus that we expected. Good!
Volume with Cropped Top
During my development of a computer program to integrate over the volume of a circular torus while using toroidal coordinates, I decided that it would be useful to determine the volume of a torus that has a "cropped top" as illustrated in the accompanying diagram, shown here on the right. Let's evaluate this "cropped-top" volume using cylindrical coordinates so that we will know what the correct answer is when developing an integration scheme using toroidal coordinates. Specifically, let's determine the volume of the "green" portion for a specified value of <math>~h < r_t</math>.
The radial integration will be evaluated between the limits: (lower) <math>~(\varpi_t - b) </math> and (upper) <math>~(\varpi_t + b) </math>, where,
<math>~b = \sqrt{r_t^2-h^2} \, .</math>
And the limits on the vertical integration will be: (lower) <math>~h</math> and, as before when integrating over the entire volume, (upper) <math>~\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} \, .</math> With these limits, the volume integration gives,
<math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi \int\limits_{h}^{\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2}} dz </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi \biggl[\sqrt{r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2} - h \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -2\pi h \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi d\varpi + 2\pi \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \varpi \sqrt{X} d\varpi \, , </math> |
where,
<math>~X</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~a_0 + a_1\varpi + a_2\varpi^2 \, ,</math> |
<math>~a_0</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~-( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) \, ,</math> |
<math>~a_1</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~2\varpi_t \, ,</math> |
<math>~a_2</math> |
<math>~\equiv</math> |
<math>~-1 \, .</math> |
Carrying out this pair of integrations gives,
<math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -\pi h \biggl[ (\varpi_t + b)^2 - (\varpi_t - b)^2 \biggr] + 2\pi \biggl[\frac{X\sqrt{X}}{3a_2} - \frac{a_1(2a_2\varpi + a_1)}{8a_2^2} \sqrt{X} \biggr]_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} </math> |
|
|
<math>~ - \frac{2\pi a_1 ( 4a_0 a_2 - a_1^2)}{(4a_2)^2} \int\limits_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} \frac{d\varpi}{\sqrt{X}} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -\pi h \biggl[\varpi_t^2 + 2b\varpi_t + b^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - 2b\varpi_t + b^2) \biggr] + \frac{\pi}{12} \biggl\{-8[ r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2]^{3/2} + 6\varpi_t(2\varpi - 2\varpi_t) [r_t^2 - (\varpi_t - \varpi)^2 ]^{1/2} \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} </math> |
|
|
<math>~ - \frac{2\pi a_1 ( 4a_0 a_2 - a_1^2)}{(4a_2)^2} \biggl\{ - \frac{1}{\sqrt{-a_2}} ~\sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{2a_2 \varpi + a_1}{\sqrt{a_1^2 - 4a_0 a_2}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -4\pi h b\varpi_t + \frac{\pi}{3} \biggl[3\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} -2( r_t^2 - b^2)^{3/2} \biggr] + \frac{\pi}{3} \biggl[3\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} +2( r_t^2 - b^2)^{3/2} \biggr] </math> |
|
|
<math>~ - \pi \varpi_t ( a_0 + \varpi_t^2) \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t - \varpi }{\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 + a_0}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{(\varpi_t - b)}^{(\varpi_t + b)} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -4\pi h b\varpi_t + 2\pi\varpi_t b (r_t^2 - b^2 )^{1/2} - \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{-b}{r_t} \biggr] - \sin^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{b }{r_t} \biggr] \biggr\} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ -4\pi h \varpi_t (r_t^2 -h^2 )^{1/2} + 2\pi\varpi_t h (r_t^2 -h^2 )^{1/2} +2 \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \sin^{-1}\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{h }{r_t}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ 2 \pi \varpi_t r_t^2 \biggl\{ \sin^{-1}\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{h }{r_t}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{1/2} - \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr) \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{h}{r_t}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^{1/2} \biggr\}\, . </math> |
Hence, the fractional volume is,
Analytic Expression for Green Volume | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
REALITY CHECK: This should give a zero (green) volume if <math>~h = r_t</math>; and the fractional volume should be one-half if <math>~h = 0</math>. In the former case, our expression gives,
<math>~\frac{V_\mathrm{green}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{1}{\pi} \sin^{-1} (0) = 0 \, , </math> |
as expected. And in the latter case we have,
<math>~\frac{V_\mathrm{green}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~ \frac{1}{\pi} \sin^{-1} (1) = \frac{1}{2} \, , </math> |
which means that <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> is indeed half of the total torus volume, as derived earlier.
Using Toroidal Coordinates with Special Alignment
If, instead, we use a toroidal coordinate system, we have (see p. 666 of MF53),
<math>~dV_{3D}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~- [h_1 d\xi_1 ] [h_2 d\xi_2] [h_3 d\xi_3] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~-~\biggl[ \frac{a d\xi_1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ \biggl[\frac{a d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] ~ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\xi_1^2 - 1}{1 - \xi_3^2} \biggr)^{1/2} \frac{a d\xi_3}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \biggr]</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~- d\sigma~ \biggl[ \frac{a(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \frac{d(\cos\varphi)}{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2\varphi}} \biggr]</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>+~[\varpi d\varphi ] d\sigma \, , </math> |
where, as employed above, a differential area element in the meridional plane of a toroidal-coordinate system is,
<math>~d\sigma</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~a^2\biggl[ \frac{d\xi_1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ \biggl[\frac{d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] \, . </math> |
As in the case of the cylindrical coordinate system, because the torus is axisymmetric, integration over the azimuthal angular coordinate in a toroidal coordinate system gives,
<math>~dV_{2D}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\varpi d\sigma \int_0^{2\pi} d\varphi </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \varpi d\sigma \, .</math> |
Cross-check: Wikipedia's Differential Volume Element | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
where,
and, as above,
Hence, in agreement with the expression derived using the notation of MF53,
|
Now, if we choose a toroidal coordinate system whose origin is located exactly as defined in our special case, above, the radial-coordinate integration limits should be,
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} </math> and <math>~~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \infty \, ;</math>
and the integral over the "angular" toroidal coordinate will have the simple limits,
<math>~\xi_2|_- = -1 </math> and <math>~\xi_2|_+ = +1 \, .</math>
[COMMENT: Actually, these limits will only capture integration over either the upper hemisphere (<math>~Z</math> positive) or the lower hemisphere (<math>~Z</math> negative). So I will probably need to double the volume expression that results from these limits.]
So, integration over the remaining two (meridional-plane) coordinates gives,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi \int_\Sigma \varpi d\sigma </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \int\limits_{-1}^{1} \frac{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1-\xi_2)} \biggl[ \frac{1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{\xi_1^2-1} } \biggr]~ \biggl[\frac{1}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] d\xi_2 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \int\limits_{-1}^{1} \biggl[\frac{d\xi_2}{ (\xi_1-\xi_2)^3\sqrt{1-\xi_2^2} } \biggr] \, . </math> |
If, following MF53, we make the substitution,
<math>~\xi_2 ~\rightarrow \cos\zeta</math> <math>~\Rightarrow </math> <math>~d\xi_2 ~\rightarrow -\sin\zeta d\zeta \, ,</math>
we can write,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \biggl[\frac{d\zeta}{ (\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^3 } \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} - \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)\tanh^{-1}\biggl[\frac{(\xi_1 + 1)\tan(\zeta/2)}{\sqrt{1-\xi_1^2}} \biggr]}{(1-\xi_1^2)^{5/2}} \biggr\}_{0}^{\pi} \, , </math> |
where the expression obtained after integrating over <math>~\zeta</math> was obtained from WolframAlpha's online integrator.
[COMMENT: This result is problematic because it was derived without enforcing the condition, <math>~\xi_1^2 > 1</math>. Notice, in particular, that the last term includes a couple of square-roots of expressions that will naturally be negative.]
Carrying out this same integration (specifying wider integration limits based on the toroidal-coordinate specification described in Wikipedia) via multiple steps using the integral tables published by Gradshteyn & Ryzhik, I have obtained,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \int\limits_{-\pi}^{\pi} \biggl[\frac{d\zeta}{ (\xi_1-\cos\zeta)^3 } \biggr] </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} + \biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \tan^{-1}\biggl[\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{-\pi}^{\pi} \, . </math> |
This expression makes more sense; at least the arguments of the square-roots are all positive. Now, evaluating the limits: (1) The first term inside the curly braces goes to zero at both limits; and (2) the argument of the arctangent is <math>~\pm \infty.</math> Hence, the result of taking the arctangent is <math>~+\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math>, at the upper limit, and is <math>~-\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math> at the lower limit. Hence, we have,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty d\xi_1 \biggl\{\biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \biggl(\frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{2}\biggr) \biggr\} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \int\limits_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] d\xi_1 </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \biggl[ - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^{3/2}} \biggr]_{\varpi_t/r_t}^\infty </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi^2 a^3 \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t r_t^2}{(\varpi_t^2 - r_t)^{3/2}} \biggr]\, . </math> |
Now, in the special case we are considering here,
<math>~a</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~r_t \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \biggr)^2 - 1 \biggr]^{1/2} = [\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2]^{1/2} \, .</math> |
Hence,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2 \, , </math> |
which is the answer we were expecting for the volume of the (pink) torus.
Move General Case
NOTE: A complete prescription of the toroidal-coordinate integration limits that are appropriate for a determination of the volume or the gravitational potential of a circular torus can be found in an accompanying discussion.
In the more general case, the expression for the volume integral should be the same; all we should have to do is incorporate the more general integration limits as specified in our above evaluation of the gravitational potential. Hence, in the more general case we should have,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} + \biggl[ \frac{2(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \tan^{-1}\biggl[\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} \biggr] \biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} \, . </math> |
Next, referencing various trigonometric relations, we note that,
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\cos\zeta}{1+\cos\zeta} \biggr]^{1/2}</math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\xi_2}{1+\xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} \, .</math> |
Hence, in our expression for the torus volume, the argument of the arctangent may be written as,
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\zeta}{2}\biggr) \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\xi_2}{1+\xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)^{1/2}}{(\xi_1 - 1)^{1/2}} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{(1-\xi_2)}{(1+\xi_2)} \cdot \frac{(\xi_1 + 1)}{(\xi_1 - 1)} \biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{\xi_1+1-\xi_1\xi_2 - \xi_2}{\xi_1 - 1 +\xi_1\xi_2 - \xi_2} \biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1- \xi_2)-(\xi_1\xi_2-1) }{(\xi_1- \xi_2) +(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 ) } \biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pm \biggl[ \frac{1-\cos\alpha }{1 +\cos\alpha } \biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\tan\biggl(\frac{\alpha}{2}\biggr) \, , </math> |
where,
<math>~\cos\alpha \equiv \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} </math> <math>~\Rightarrow</math> <math>~\alpha \equiv \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2- 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] = \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\cos\zeta - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \cos\zeta)} \biggr] \, .</math>
Hence, the volume integral may be written as,
<math>~V</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{\sin\zeta [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \cos\zeta - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \cos\zeta)^2} + \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\cos\zeta - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \cos\zeta)} \biggr] \biggr\}_{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_-)}^{\cos^{-1}(\xi_2|_+)} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\pi a^3 \int\limits_{\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}}^{\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}} d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2} [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \xi_2 - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} + \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2 - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] \biggr\}_{\xi_2|_-}^{\xi_2|_+} \, . </math> |
Green Cropped-Top Volume
Now, if we set <math>~Z_0 = h</math> with <math>~0 < h < r_t</math>, then the horizontal plane defined by <math>~z = Z_0</math> will cut through the circular torus, splitting it into two hemispheres — a lower, pink sub-volume and an upper, green sub-volume as depicted in the above diagram. While using toroidal coordinates to perform the volume integral, we recognize that this horizontal plane is also identified by setting the angular coordinate to <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> [if <math>~a \leq (\varpi_t-b)</math>] or to <math>~\xi_2 = -1</math> [if <math>~a \geq (\varpi_t+b)</math>]. Then, using the former case as an example, for each value of <math>~\xi_1</math> (corresponding to a specific <math>\xi_1</math>- circle) the integral over the angular, <math>~\xi_2</math> coordinate should naturally break into two segments: The segment falling within the green sub-volume should have integration limits, <math>~\xi_2|_+ \rightarrow 1</math>; and the segment falling within the pink sub-volume should have integration limits, <math>~1 \rightarrow \xi_2|_-</math>. Let's see if specification of these limits allows us to derive an analytic expression for the green sub-volume that matches the expression for <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> as derived above using cylindrical coordinates.
Notice that, for the green sub-volume, the limits on <math>~\xi_1</math> should correspond to <math>~\xi_2 = +1</math> and <math>~\varpi = (\varpi_t \pm b)</math>. Because, in general,
<math>~\varpi</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1^2 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-\xi_2} \, ,</math> |
this means that the limits on <math>~\xi_1</math> are (valid only for <math>0 < Z_0 < r_t</math>),
<math>~\varpi_t \pm b</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1^2 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-1} </math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{a(\xi_1 +1)^{1/2}(\xi_1 -1)^{1/2}}{\xi_1-1} </math> |
|
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~a \biggl[\frac{\xi_1 +1}{\xi_1-1}\biggr]^{1/2} </math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ (\xi_1 - 1)\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~a^2(\xi_1 +1) </math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \xi_1\biggl\{\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2-a^2\biggr\} </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}\biggr]^2 + a^2</math> |
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~~ \xi_1\biggr|_\pm </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t \pm \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, .</math> |
Hence, according to our just-derived volume integral, we have,
Toroidal-Coordinate Integral Expression for Green Volume | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Note from J. E. Tohline: On 4 November 2015, a fortran subroutine was used to numerically perform this 1D integration and thereby determine the volume of the green segment of a "cropped top" torus. The name of this fortran code was …
philip.hpc.lsu.edu:/home/tohline/fortran/Toroidal/testI3.for
The following table presents results of tests run with different sets of physical parameters and different numbers of 1D integration steps (nzones); note that the analytic expression for the angular integration limit, <math>~\xi_2|_+</math>, is given in the above table of parameter expressions. In the following table, values of <math>~V_\mathrm{green}</math> obtained by numerical integration are compared with values obtained from the analytic expression derived above via a cylindrical-coordinate formulation.
Comparison of "Cropped-Top" Volume Determinations | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<math>~\varpi_t</math> | <math>~r_t</math> | <math>~a</math> | <math>~Z_0</math> | <math>~V_\mathrm{green}/V_\mathrm{torus}</math> | ||||||
Analytic | nzones = 5000 | nzones = 500 | ||||||||
1D Integration | Error | 1D Integration | Error | |||||||
<math>\tfrac{3}{4}</math> | <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math> | <math>\tfrac{1}{3}</math> | 0.24 | 4.7727731D-03 | 4.7727731D-03 | -1.66D-08 | 4.7727865D-03 | -2.8D-06 | ||
0.23 | 1.3417064D-02 | 1.3417065D-02 | -2.6D-08 | 1.3417115D-02 | -3.8D-06 | |||||
0.20 | 5.2044018D-02 | 5.2044021D-02 | -6.3D-08 | 5.2044404D-02 | -7.4D-06 | |||||
0.15 | 1.4237849D-01 | 1.4237851D-01 | -1.6D-07 | 1.4238095D-01 | -1.7D-05 | |||||
0.125 | 1.9550110D-01 | 1.9550115D-01 | -2.4D-07 | 1.9550595D-01 | -2.5D-05 | |||||
0.10 | 2.5231578D-01 | 2.5231587D-01 | -3.4D-07 | 2.5232459D-01 | -3.5D-05 | |||||
0.05 | 3.7353003D-01 | 3.7353031D-01 | -7.4D-07 | 3.7355809D-01 | -7.5D-05 | |||||
0.01 | 4.7454199D-01 | 4.7454347D-01 | -3.3D-06 | 4.7465374D-01 | -2.4D-04 |
Total Volume by Summing Four Zones
Let's stick with a discussion of the situation where we set <math>~Z_0 = h</math> with <math>~0 < h < r_t</math>, and now determine the total volume by adding together four sub-volumes. The green "cropped-top" region is the first of these sub-volume zones. The remaining (pink) portion of the torus can be broken into three adjoining segments — left-to-right — whose two edge boundaries plus two internal interfaces are identified by the following four special values of the "radial" coordinate:
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \, ,</math> |
<math>~\xi_1\biggr|_+ </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t +\sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, ,</math> |
<math>~\xi_1\biggr|_- </math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} \, ,</math> |
<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> |
<math>~=</math> |
<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2}\, .</math> |
As presented in the following table, we have determined the values of these four boundary/interface radial coordinates for the same set of parameter values as in the previous table. Notice that, as listed, they represent monotonically increasing values of the radial coordinate. Between the first two boundaries and between the last two boundaries, the limits on the "angular" coordinate should be the normal, <math>~~~\xi_2|_-~\rightarrow ~\xi_2|_+ ~~~</math>. But between the second and third boundaries, the integration limits on the angular coordinate should be, <math>~\xi_2|_- ~\rightarrow~ +1</math>.
Various Boundary Values for <math>~\xi_1</math> | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<math>~\varpi_t</math> | <math>~r_t</math> | <math>~a</math> | <math>~Z_0</math> | <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> | <math>~\xi_1|_+</math> | <math>~\xi_1|_-</math> | <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> | ||
<math>\tfrac{3}{4}</math> | <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math> | <math>\tfrac{1}{3}</math> | 0.24 | 1.1859 | 1.3959 | 1.6326 | 2.0312 | ||
0.23 | 1.1900 | 1.3655 | 1.7077 | 2.0630 | |||||
0.20 | 1.2021 | 1.3180 | 1.8929 | 2.1603 | |||||
0.15 | 1.2209 | 1.2808 | 2.1611 | 2.3213 | |||||
0.125 | 1.2291 | 1.2700 | 2.2808 | 2.3963 | |||||
0.10 | 1.2363 | 1.2622 | 2.3872 | 2.4637 | |||||
0.05 | 1.2464 | 1.2529 | 2.5436 | 2.5638 | |||||
0.01 | 1.2499 | 1.2501 | 2.5977 | 2.5985 |
See Also
- Detailed Illustration of Toroidal Coordinates and Integration Limits
- Ramblings Appendix Chapter: Determining the Relationships between Toroidal Coordinates and other Coordinate Systems
- Examine the expressions for the gravitational potential derived in §2.1 of Woodward, Sankaran & Tohline (1992, ApJ, 394, 248).
- Documentation for the gnu/GSL Special Function Library
- Specifically … Elliptic Integrals
- Linking to GSL on LSU's HPC systems
References
- Morse, P.M. & Feshmach, H. 1953, Methods of Theoretical Physics — Volumes I and II
- Cohl, H.S. & Tohline, J.E. 1999, ApJ, 527, 86-101
- Cohl, H.S., Rau, A.R.P., Tohline, J.E., Browne, D.A., Cazes, J.E. & Barnes, E.I. 2001, Phys. Rev. A, 64, 052509
© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline |