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* Compare with the similar analysis for n = 3 conducted earlier by Milne (1932) | * Compare with the similar analysis for n = 3 conducted earlier by Milne (1932) | ||
* | * Use as a point of comparison for the more recent work by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Ap%26SS.113..125C/abstract R. Caimmi (1985)], Astrophysics and Space Science, 113, 125: ''Emden-Chandrasekhar Axisymmetric, Rigidly Rotating Polytropes. III. Determination of Equilibrium Configurations by an Improvement of Chandrasekhar's Method'' | ||
=Huge Reference List= | =Huge Reference List= |
Revision as of 15:24, 19 July 2019
Rotationally Flattened Polytropes
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Here we review what has been learned over the past century+ regarding the structural properties of rotationally flattened polytropes having indexes in the range, <math>~0 < n < \infty</math>. Separate chapters are devoted to configurations having the "bookend" index values of <math>~n = 0</math> (incompressible) and <math>~n = \infty</math> (isothermal), and to configurations obeying the white dwarf equation of state. Our review will be divided chronologically into three parts with, generally speaking, the following two publications serving to identify the approximate location of segmentation boundaries:
- R. A. James (1964), which serves as the first notable example of an astrophysicist drawing upon the capabilities of a digital computer to solve the set of equations that define — without approximation — the equilibrium structure of axisymmetric, rotationally flattened polytropes. (Rotating white dwarf structures are also examined.)
- I. Hachisu (1986a), in which a versatile, efficient, and accurate technique for constructing rotating equilibrium configurations — hereafter referred to as the Hachisu Self-Consistent Field (HSCF) technique — was detailed. In retrospect, we recognize that this numerical tool was used by many groups to construct excellent initial equilibrium models for numerical stability studies.
Because equilibrium models along the incompressible (n = 0) Maclaurin sequence can be fully described analytically, we should not be surprised to find that Maclaruin spheroids are often used as a base of comparison when the properties of rotationally flattened, compressible configurations are discussed. Drawing from the review by N. R. Lebovitz (1967), here are a few relevant features to keep in mind:
- According to Lichtenstein's theorem, each configuration has a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the axis of rotation; this is the equatorial plane.
- Maclaurin spheroids are a subset of the broader class of equilibrium configurations referred to as Riemann S-type ellipsoids; specifically, the subset containing only axisymmetric configurations.
- Along the Maclaurin equilibrium sequence, each configuration is an oblate spheroid whose position along the sequence can be uniquely specified by the spheroid's axis ratio, b/a, or alternatively by the spheroid's eccentricity, <math>~e \equiv \sqrt{1 - a_3^2/a_1^2}</math>.
- When the angular momentum of the equilibrium configuration, <math>~J_\mathrm{Mac} = \tfrac{2}{5}Ma_1^2 \Omega</math> , is zero, the Maclaurin figure is … a sphere. As <math>~J_\mathrm{Mac}</math> increases, the figure flattens progressively, approaching an infinitely thin circular disk as <math>~J_\mathrm{Mac}</math> approaches infinity.
Prior to the work of James (1964)
N. R. Lebovitz (1967) offers a concise review of efforts that were made to construct models of rotationally flattened polytropic structures prior to work of R. A. James (1964). We will draw heavily from this review.
Distortions Introduced by Uniform Rotation
Let's take the following steps …
- Detail the results from S. Chandrasekhar (1933), MNRAS, 93, 390: The equilibrium of distorted polytropes. I. The rotational problem
The purpose of this paper is … to extend Emden's [work] to the case of rotating gas spheres which in their non-rotating states have polytropic distributions described by the so-called Emden functions. … the gas sphere is set rotating at a constant small angular velocity <math>~\omega</math>. … we shall assume that the rotation is so slow that the configurations are only slightly oblate. |
- Compare with the similar analysis for n = 3 conducted earlier by Milne (1932)
- Use as a point of comparison for the more recent work by R. Caimmi (1985), Astrophysics and Space Science, 113, 125: Emden-Chandrasekhar Axisymmetric, Rigidly Rotating Polytropes. III. Determination of Equilibrium Configurations by an Improvement of Chandrasekhar's Method
Huge Reference List
Efforts to Construct Equilibrium Configurations Prior to 1968
The results of the following, chronologically listed research efforts have largely been summarized in the review by N. R. Lebovitz (1967). Text colored green has been taken directly from the (immediately preceding) cited paper, often from its abstract.
- R. Dedekind (1860), J. Reine Angew. Math., 58, 217
- P. G. Lejeune. Dirichlet (1860), J. Reine Angel. Math., 58, 181
- G. Riemann (1860), Abhandl. Konigl. Ges. Wis. Gottingen, 9, 3 (Verlag von B. G. Teubner, Leipzig; reprinted 1953, Dover Publ., New York)
- Lord Rayleigh (1880), Proc. London Math. Soc., 9, 57
- H. Poincaré (1885), Acta Math., 7, 259
- H. Poincaré (1903), Figures d'Equilibre d'une Masse Fluide (C. Naud, Paris)
- V. Volterra (1903), Acta Math., 27, 105
- W. Thomson & P. G. Tait (1912), Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Cambridge Univ. Press)
- J. H. Jeans (1919) Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 218, 157
- R. Wavre (1932), Figures Planetaires et Geodesie (Gauthier-Villars, Paris)
- S. Chandrasekhar (1933), MNRAS, 93, 390: The equilibrium of distorted polytropes. I. The rotational problem
The purpose of this paper is … to extend Emden's [work] to the case of rotating gas spheres which in their non-rotating states have polytropic distributions described by the so-called Emden functions. … the gas sphere is set rotating at a constant small angular velocity <math>~\omega</math>. … we shall assume that the rotation is so slow that the configurations are only slightly oblate. |
- L. Lichtenstein (1933), Gleichgewichtsfiguren Rotierinder Flüssigkeiten (Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin)
- V. C. A. Ferraro (1937), MNRAS, 97, 458
- Cowling (1941), MNRAS, 101, 367
- G. Randers (1942), ApJ, 95, 454
- P. Ledoux (1945), ApJ, 102, 143
- Cowling & Newing (1949), ApJ, 109, 149
- S. Rosseland (1949), The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (Clarendon Press, Oxford)
- P. A. Sweet (1950), MNRAS, 110, 548
- Cowling (1951), ApJ, 114, 272
- P. Ledoux (1951), ApJ, 117, 373
- Dive, P. (1952), Bull. Sci. Math., 76, 38
- R. A. Lyttleton (1953), The Stability of Rotating Liquid Masses (Cambridge Univ. Press)
- W. S. Jardetzky (1958) Theories of Figures of Celestial Bodies (Interscience, New York)
- P. Ledoux (1958), Handbuch der Physik, 51, 605 (Flügge, S., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin)
- P. Ledoux & Th. Walraven (1958), Handbuch der Physik, 51, 353 (Flügge, S., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin)
- [ EFE Publication I ] S. Chandrasekhar (1960), J. Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 1, 240: The virial theorem in hydromagnetics
- [ EFEPublication II ] N. R. Lebovitz (1961), ApJ, 134, 500: The virial tensor and its application to self-gravitating fluids
- C. Pekeris, Z. Alterman & H. Jarosch (1961), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S., 47, 91
- [ EFE Publication V ] S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962a), ApJ, 135, 248: On the oscillations and the stability of rotating gaseous masses
- [ EFE Publication X ] S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962b), ApJ, 136, 1069: On the oscillations and the stability of rotating gaseous masses. II. The homogeneous, compressible model
- [ EFE Publication XI ] S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962c), ApJ, 136, 1082: On the oscillations and the stability of rotating gaseous masses. III. The distorted polytropes
If one assumes that the mass is distributed uniformly, the equilibrium configurations are the well-known Maclaurin spheroids. This paper will be devoted to finding the oscillation frequencies of the Maclaurin spheroids. |
- [ EFE Publication XII ] S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962d), ApJ, 136, 1105: On the occurrence of multiple frequencies and beats in the β Canis Majoris stars
- P. H. Roberts & K. Stewartson (1963), ApJ, 137, 777
- P. H. Roberts (1963a), ApJ, 137, 1129: On Highly Rotating Polytropes. I.
- [ EFE Publication XIV ] S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1963), ApJ, 137, 1162: On the oscillations of the Maclaurin spheroid belonging to the third harmonics
- P. H. Roberts (1963b), ApJ, 138, 809: On Highly Rotating Polytropes. II.
- [ EFE Publication XIX ] S. Chandrasekhar (1963), ApJ, 138, 1182: The equilibrium and stability of the Roche ellipsoids
- [ EFE Publication XX ] N. R. Lebovitz (1963), ApJ, 138, 1214: On the principle of the exchange of stabilities. I. The Roche ellipsoids
- Chandrasekhar (1964a), ApJ, 139, 664
- Chandrasekhar (1964b), ApJ, 140, 417
- Chandrasekhar (1964c), ApJ, 140, 599
- [ EFE Publication XXIII ] Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1964), Astrophysica Norvegica, 9, 232: On the ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium of homogeneous masses — Excellent Review!
- M. Hurley & P. H. Roberts (1964), ApJ, 140, 583: On Highly Rotating Polytropes. III.
This paper gives numerical results deduced from the theory developed in the two previous papers of this series. Particular attention is devolted to the models proposed in the second of these, which are based on the assumption that, to an adequate approximation, the equidensity surfaces within the polytropes are spheroids whose eccentricity increases from center to surface … A comparsion is made with the investigations of S. Chandrasekhar (1933) and James (1962, private communication prior to its 1964 publication); see also S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962c). |
- R. A. James (1964), 140, 552: The Structure and Stability of Rotating Gas Masses
Structures have been determined for axially symmetric [uniformly] rotating gas masses, in the polytropic and white-dwarf cases … Physical parameters for the rotating configurations were obtained for values of n < 3, and for a range of white-dwarf configurations. The existence of forms of bifurcation of the axially symmetric series of equilibrium forms was also investigated. The white-dwarf series proved to lack such points of bifurcation, but they were found on the polytropic series for n < 0.808. |
- D. Lynden-Bell (1964), ApJ, 139, 1195: On Large-Scale Instabilities during Gravitational Collapse and the Evolution of Shrinking Maclaurin Spheroids
- I. W. Roxburgh (1964), MNRAS, 128, 157
- P. Ledoux's (1965) Chapter 10, pp. 499-574 of Stellar Structure (Aller, L. H., McLaughlin, D. B., Eds., Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago)
- L. Mestel's (1965) Chapter xx, pp. 465-xxx of Stellar Structure (Aller, L. H., McLaughlin, D. B., Eds., Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago)
- R. Stoeckly (1965), ApJ, 142, 208: Polytropic Models with Fast, Non-Uniform Rotation — The n' = 0 angular momentum distribution is first defined here!
Models with polytropic index n = 1.5.… for the case of non-uniform rotation, no meridional currents, and axial symmetry. The angular velocity assigned … is a Gaussian function of distance from the axis. The exponential constant <math>~c</math> in this function is a parameter of non-uniformity of rotation, ranging from 0 (uniform rotation) to 1 (approximate spatial dependence of angular velocity that might arise during contraction from a uniformly rotating mass of initially homogeneous density). For <math>~c = 0</math>, a sequence of models having increasing angular momentum is known to terminate when centrifugal force balances gravitational force at the equator; this sequence contains no bifurcation point with non-axisymmetric models as does the sequence of Maclaurin spheroids with the Jacobi ellipsoids. For <math>~c \approx 1</math>, the distortion of interior equidensity contours of some models with fast rotation is shown to exceed that of the Maclaurin spheroids at their bifurcation point. In the absence of a rigorous stability investigation, this result suggests that a star with sufficiently non-uniform rotation reaches a point of bifurcation … Non-uniformity of rotation would then be an element bearing on star formation and could be a factor in double-star formation. |
- M. J. Clement (1965a), ApJ, 140, 1045: A General Variational Principle Governing the Oscillations of a Rotating Gaseous Mass
- M. J. Clement (1965b), ApJ, 141, 210: The Radial and Non-Radial Oscillations of Slowly Rotating Gaseous Masses
- M. J. Clement (1965c), ApJ, 142, 243: The Effect of a Small Rotation on the Convective Instability of Gaseous Masses
- [ EFE Publication XXV ] S. Chandrasekhar (1965), ApJ, 142, 890: The equilibrium and the stability of the Riemann ellipsoids. I
- M. Hurley & P. H. Roberts (1965), ApJSuppl, 11, 95: On Highly Rotating Polytropes. IV.
This concerns the structure of polytropes in solid-body rotation. The underlying theory has been developed in two previous papers (Roberts 1963a, b) and has led to the numerical integrations tabulated herein. An account of the properties of the polytropes deduced from the present results and a comparison with other studies of the problem are given elsewhere (Hurley and Roberts 1964). |
- [ EFE Publication XXVII ] N. R. Lebovitz (1965), lecture notes. Inst. Ap., Cointe-Sclessin, Belgium, p. 29: The Riemann ellipsoids
- J. J. Monaghan & I. W. Roxburgh (1965), MNRAS, 131, 13: The structure of rapidly rotating polytropes
James attacked the problem by numerically solving the partial differential equations of the problem with the aid of an electronic computer, but even this method lead to difficulties for <math>~n \ge 3</math>. Of all the methods used so far James' is undoubtedly the most accurate, but also the most laborious. Here, results are presented for values of the polytropic index n = 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4. (Apparently, uniform rotation is assumed.) … no discussion of stability is given, we assume that the polytropes become unstable at the equator before a point of bifurcation is reached. |
- I. W. Roxburgh, J. S. Griffith & P. A. Sweet (1965), Z. Ap., 61, 203
- J.-L. Tassoul & M. Cretin (1965), Ann. Ap., 28, 982
- [ EFE Publication XXVIII ] S. Chandrasekhar (1966), ApJ, 145, 842: The equilibrium and the stability of the Riemann ellipsoids. II
- P. G. Drazin & L. N. Howard (1966), Advan. Appl. Mech., 9, 1
- W. A. Fowler (1966), ApJ, 144, 180
- M. Hurley, P. H. Roberts & K. Wright (1966), ApJ, 143, 535: The Oscillations of Gas Spheres
- [ EFE Publication XXIX ] N. R. Lebovitz (1966), ApJ, 145, 878: On Riemann's criterion for the stability of liquid ellipsoids
- J. P. Ostriker, P. Bodenheimer & D. Lynden-Bell (1966), Phys. Rev. Letters, 17, 816: Equilibrium Models of Differentially Rotating Zero-Temperature Stars
… work by Roxburgh (1965, Z. Astrophys., 62, 134), Anand (1965, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., 54, 23), and James (1964, ApJ, 140, 552) shows that the [Chandrasekhar (1931, ApJ, 74, 81)] mass limit <math>~M_3</math> is increased by only a few percent when uniform rotation is included in the models, … In this Letter we demonstrate that white-dwarf models with masses considerably greater than <math>~M_3</math> are possible if differential rotation is allowed … models are based on the physical assumption of an axially symmetric, completely degenerate, self-gravitating fluid, in which the effects of viscosity, magnetic fields, meridional circulation, and relativistic terms in the hydrodynamical equations have been neglected. |
- I. W. Roxburgh (1966a), Rotation and Magnetism in Stellar Structure and Evolution. Symposium lecture (Goddard Space Flight Center, New York)
- I. W. Roxburgh (1966b), MNRAS, 132, 201
- D. Lynden-Bell & J. P. Ostriker (1967), MNRAS (to appear)
- K. Rosenkilde (1967), ApJ (to appear)
- L. Rossner (1967), ApJ (to appear)
Example Equilibrium Configurations
Reviews
- N. R. Lebovitz (1967), ARAA, 5, 465
Uniform Rotation
- E. A. Milne (1923), MNRAS, 83, 118: The Equilibrium of a Rotating Star
Apparently, only n = 3 polytropic configurations are considered. |
- H. von Zeipel (1924), MNRAS, 84, 665: The radiative equilibrium of a rotating system of gaseous masses
- H. von Zeipel (1924), MNRAS, 84, 684: The radiative equilibrium of a slightly oblate rotating star
- S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1968), ApJ, 152, 267: The Pulsations and the Dynamical Stability of Gaseous Masses in Uniform Rotation
- Article in French! J. - L. Tassoul & J. P. Ostriker (1970), Astron. Ap., 4, 423: Secular Stability of Uniformly Rotating Polytropes
- N. R. Lebovitz & G. W. Russell (1972), ApJ, 171, 103: The Pulsations of Polytropic Masses in Rapid, Uniform Rotation
- M. J. Clement (1981), ApJ, 249, 746: Normal modes of oscillation for rotating stars. I — The effect of rigid rotation on four low-order pulsations
In this paper, the effects of rigid rotation on four axisymmetric modes are found for several equilibrium systems including polytopes and a 15 solar-mass stellar model. Normal modes are determined by solving directly on a two-dimensional grid the linearized dynamical equations governing adiabatic oscillations … This brute force approach has many obvious dangers, all of which are realized in practice. |
- R. Caimmi (1985), Astrophysics and Space Science, 113, 125: Emden-Chandrasekhar Axisymmetric, Rigidly Rotating Polytropes. III. Determination of Equilibrium Configurations by an Improvement of Chandrasekhar's Method
Differential Rotation
- S. Chandrasekhar & N. R. Lebovitz (1962), ApJ, 136, 1082
The oscillations of slowly rotating polytopes are treated in this paper. The initial equilibrium configurations are constructed as in Chandrasekhar (1933). |
- TORUS! J. P. Ostriker (1964), ApJ, 140, 1067: The Equilibrium of Self-Gravitating Rings
- R. Stoeckly (1965), ApJ, 142, 208: Polytropic Models with Fast, Non-Uniform Rotation — The n' = 0 angular momentum distribution is first defined here!
Models with polytropic index n = 1.5.… for the case of non-uniform rotation, no meridional currents, and axial symmetry. The angular velocity assigned … is a Gaussian function of distance from the axis. The exponential constant <math>~c</math> in this function is a parameter of non-uniformity of rotation, ranging from 0 (uniform rotation) to 1 (approximate spatial dependence of angular velocity that might arise during contraction from a uniformly rotating mass of initially homogeneous density). For <math>~c = 0</math>, a sequence of models having increasing angular momentum is known to terminate when centrifugal force balances gravitational force at the equator; this sequence contains no bifurcation point with non-axisymmetric models as does the sequence of Maclaurin spheroids with the Jacobi ellipsoids. For <math>~c \approx 1</math>, the distortion of interior equidensity contours of some models with fast rotation is shown to exceed that of the Maclaurin spheroids at their bifurcation point. In the absence of a rigorous stability investigation, this result suggests that a star with sufficiently non-uniform rotation reaches a point of bifurcation … Non-uniformity of rotation would then be an element bearing on star formation and could be a factor in double-star formation. |
- D. Lynden-Bell & J. P. Ostriker (1967), MNRAS, 136, 293: On the stability of differentially rotating bodies
A variational principle of great power is derived. It is naturally adapted for computers, and may be used to determine the stability of any fluid flow including those in differentially-rotating, self-gravitating stars and galaxies. The method also provides a powerful theoretical tool for studying general properties of eigenfunctions, and the relationships between secular and ordinary stability. In particular we prove the anti-sprial theorem indicating that no stable (or steady( mode can have a spiral structure. |
- K. J. Fricke & R. C. Smith (1971), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 15, 329: On Global Dynamical Stability of Rotating Stars
The local criteria for axisymmetric dynamical stabffity of rotating stars are shown to be globally valid by the use of a variational principle. These criteria are necessary and sufficient so long as the perturbation of the gravitational potential can be neglected. In this note we restrict ourselves to the problem of dynamical instability using the variational principle of Lynden-Bell & Ostriker (1967) in the form given to it by Lebovitz (1970) to deduce global criteria — |
- B. F. Schutz, Jr. (1972), ApJSuppl., 24, 319: Linear Pulsations and Starility of Differentially Rotating Stellar Models. I. Newtonian Analysis
A systematic method is presented for deriving the Lagrangian governing the evolution of small perturbations of arbitrary flows of a self-gravitating perfect fluid. The method is applied to a differentially rotating stellar model; the result is a Lagrangian equivalent to that of D. Lynden-Bell & J. P. Ostriker (1967). A sufficient condition for stability of rotating stars, derived from this Lagrangian, is simplified greatly by using as trial functions not the three components of the Lagrangian displacement vector, but three scalar functions … This change of variables saves one from integrating twice over the star to find the effect of the perturbed gravitational field. |
- J. P. Ostriker & P. Bodenheimer (1973), ApJ, 180, 171 [Part III]: On the Oscillations and Stability of Rapidly Rotating Stellar Models. III. Zero-Viscosity Polytropic Sequences
- P. Bodenheimer & J. P. Ostriker (1973), ApJ, 180, 159 [Part VIII]
An explanation is given regarding the specification of various so-called <math>~n'</math> angular momentum distributions. Equilibrium models are built along the following <math>~(n, n')</math> sequences: <math>~(0, 0)</math>, <math>~(\tfrac{3}{2}, \tfrac{3}{2})</math>, <math>~(\tfrac{3}{2}, 1)</math>, <math>~(\tfrac{3}{2}, 0)</math>, <math>~(3, 0)</math>, and <math>~(3, \tfrac{3}{2})</math>. |
- J. L. Friedman & B. F. Schutz (1978), ApJ, 222, 281
- R. H. Durisen & J. N. Imamura (1981), ApJ, 243, 612
- See Hachisu and Various Collaborators, below.
- J. E. Tohline, R. H. Durisen & M. McCollough (1985), ApJ, 298, 220
- R. H. Durisen, R. A. Gingold, J. E. Tohline & A. P. Boss (1986), ApJ, 305, 281
- H. A. Williams & J. E. Tohline (1987), ApJ, 315, 594
- H. A. Williams & J. E. Tohline (1988), ApJ, 334, 449
- P. J. Luyten (1990), MNRAS, 245, 614
- P. J. Luyten (1991), MNRAS, 248, 256
- A. G. Aksenov (1996), Astronomy Letters, 22, 634
- B. K. Pickett, R. H. Durisen & G. A. Davis (1996), ApJ, 458, 714
- B. K. Pickett, R. H. Durisen & R. Link (1997), Icarus, 126, 243
- J. Toman, J. N. Imamura, B. K. Pickett & R. H. Durisen (1998), ApJ, 497, 370
- J. N. Imamura, R. H. Durisen & B. K. Pickett (2000), ApJ, 528, 946
- J. M. Centrella, K. C. B. New, L. L. Lowe & J. D. Brown (2001), ApJL, 550, 193 — see also, Hachisu, Tohline & Eriguchi (1987)
Dynamical instability is shown to occur in differentially rotating polytropes with n = 3.33 and T/|W| > ∼ 0.14. This instability has a strong m = 1 mode, although the m = 2, 3, and 4 modes also appear. |
- M. Shibata, S. Karino & Y. Eriguchi (2002), MNRAS, 334, 27
- M. Saijo, T. W. Baumgarte & S. L. Shapiro (2003), ApJ, 595, 352
- M. Saijo & S. Yoshida (2006), MNRAS, 368, 1429
Hachisu and Various Collaborators (Before HSCF)
Focus on Incompressible Configurations
- Toshio Fukushima, Yoshiharu Eriguchi, Daiichir Sugimoto & Gennadii S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan (1980), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 63, 1957: Concave Hamburger Equilibrium of Rotating Bodies
… computed the structure of uniformly rotating polytropes with small but finite values of polytropic index. In the case of high angular momentum there appeared a concave hamburger-like shape of equilibrium, and the sequence of shapes seemed to continue into a toroid. … the Maclaurin spheroid does not represent the incompressible limit of the rotaing [sic] polytropic gas because of its restriction of the figure. The computed sequence of equilibria clarifies the relation between the Maclaurin spheroid and the Dyson-Wong toroid. Moreover it is the sequence of minimum-energy configurations. TECHNIQUE: … method developed by Eriguchi, in which the boundary value problem of gravitational equilibrium is transformed into the Cauchy problem by making the analytic continuation into the complex plane. |
- Yoshiharu Eriguchi & Daiichiro Sugimoto (1981), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 65, 1870: Another Equilibrium Sequence of Self-Gravitating and Rotating Incompressible Fluid
It has been said that there are only two axisymmetric equilibrium sequences in the case of self-gravitating, uniformly rotating incompressible fluids — Maclaurin spheroids and Dyson-Wong toroids … We have computed … an intermediate sequence which branches off the spheroids and extends to toroids. TECHNIQUE: Guess the location of the configuration's surface in the meridional plane then, assuming the density is uniform everywhere inside this surface, determine the corresponding gravitational potential using the integral form of the Poisson equation and a Green's function written in terms of Legendre polynomials. Iterate on this guess until hydrostatic balance is achieved. |
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1982), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 67, 844: New Equilibrium Sequences Bifurcating from Maclaurin Sequence
- Y. Eriguchi, I. Hachisu & D. Sugimoto (1982), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 67, 1068: Dumb-Bell-Shape Equilibria and Mass-Shedding Pear-Shape of Selfgravitating Incompressible Fluid
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1984), PASJapan, 36, 497: Bifurcation points on the Maclaurin sequence
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1985), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 148, 289: Maclaurin hamburger sequence
- Y. Eriguchi, E. Mueller & I. Hachisu (1986), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 168, 130: Meridional flow in a self-gravitating body. I. Mechanical flow in a barotropic star with constant specific angular momentum
Focus on Compressible Configurations
- Y. Eriguchi (1978), PASJapan, 30, 507: Hydrostatic Equilibria of Rotating Polytropes
This paper is based on the author's dissertation, submitted to the Univerrsity of Tokyo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctorate. Results 4a: n = 1.5, 4.0, and 4.9, all with uniform rotation; compared to published results of James and of Results 4b: n = 1.5 only, with a <math>~\dot\varphi(\varpi)</math> rotation law — obtained from combining eqs. (30) and (7) — that resembles the so-called j-constant simple rotation profile, namely,
After employing this "equation (30)" rotation law, … Rapid rotation near the central region results in density inversion and a "ring"-like structure appears in figure 7. No other author has used the rotation law (30), and therefore a comparison cannot be made. The structure in figure 6 resembles the results of Mark (1968), and density inversion appears also in Stoeckly's (1965) results. |
- I. Hachisu, Y. Eriguchi & D. Sugimoto (1982), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 68, 191: Rapidly Rotating Polytropes and Concave Hamburger Equilibrium
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1982), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 68, 206: Bifurcation and Fission of Three Dimensional, Rigidly Rotating and Self-Gravitating Polytropes
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1983), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 69, 1131: Two Kinds of Axially Symmetric Equilibrium Sequences of Self-Gravitating and Rotating Incompressible Fluid: Two-Ring Sequence and Core-Ring Sequence
The computational scheme is much the same as that used in the computation of one-ring equilibrium sequence … see Eriguchi & Sugimoto (1981), above. |
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1983), MNRAS, 204, 583: Bifurcations and phase transitions of self-gravitating and uniformly rotating fluid
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1983), Progress of Theoretical Physics, 70, 1534: Gravitational Equilibrium of a Multi-Body Fluid System
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1984), Astrophysics & Space Sciences, 99, 71: Fission Sequence and Equilibrium Models of Rigidity [sic] Rotating Polytropes
- I. Hachisu, J. E. Tohline & Y. Eriguchi (1988), ApJS, 66, 315: Fragmentation of Rapidly Rotating Gas Clouds. II. Polytropes — Clues to the Outcome of Adiabatic Collapse
We find a fission sequence from an ellipsoidal configuration to a binary by way of dumb-bell equilibrium. |
Ellipsoidal and Binary Systems
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1984), PASJapan, 36, 239: Fission of dumbbell equilibrium and binary state of rapidly rotating polytropes
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1984), PASJapan, 36, 491: Bifurcation points on the one-ring sequence of uniformly rotating and self-gravitating fluid
- I. Hachisu & Y. Eriguchi (1984), in Double Stars, Physical Properties and Generic Relations. Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 80, held at Lembang, Java, June 3-7, 1983. Editors, Bambang Hidayat, Zdenek Kopal, Jurgen Rahe; Publisher, D. Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht, Holland; Boston, pp. 71-74: Fission Sequence and Equilibrium Models of Rigidity [sic] Rotating Polytropes — Excellent figure illustrating fission!
- Y. Eriguchi & I. Hachisu (1985), Astronomy and Astrophysics, 142, 256: Fission sequences of self-gravitating and rotating fluid with internal motion
HSCF and Beyond
- I. Hachisu (1986a), ApJSuppl, 61, 479: A Versatile Method for Obtaining Structures of Rapidly Rotating Stars
- I. Hachisu (1986b), ApJSuppl, 62, 461: A Versatile Method for Obtaining Structures of Rapidly Rotating Stars. II. Three-dimensional Self-consistent Field Method
- I. Hachisu, J. E. Tohline & Y. Eriguchi (1987), ApJ, 323, 592: Fragmentation of Rapidly Rotating Gas Clouds. I. A Universal Criterion for Fragmentation — see also, Centrella, New, Lowe & Brown (2001)
… The authors formulate a pair of criteria for rotating gas clouds that must be satisfied simultaneously if the final collapsed object is going to be unstable toward fragmentation … Centrally condensed objects become dynamically unstable to non-axisymmetric modes if T/|W| = 0.27. Self-gravitating toroidal systems, however, become dynamically unstable at T/|W| = 0.14. |
- I. Hachisu, J. E. Tohline & Y. Eriguchi (1988), ApJSuppl., 66, 315: Fragmentation of Rapidly Rotating Gas Clouds. II. Polytropes — Clues to the Outcome of Adiabatic Collapse
- J. E. Tohline & I. Hachisu (1990), ApJ, 361, 394: The Breakup of Self-gravitating Rings, Tori, and Thick Accretion Disks
See Also
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