User:Tohline/Appendix/Mathematics/ToroidalSynopsis01

Synopsis of Toroidal Coordinate Approach

Basics

Here we attempt to bring together — in as succinct a manner as possible — our approach and C.-Y. Wong's (1973) approach to determining the gravitational potential of an axisymmetric, uniform-density torus that has a major radius, <math>~R</math>, and a minor, cross-sectional radius, <math>~d</math>. The relevant toroidal coordinate system is one based on an anchor ring of major radius,

<math>~a^2 \equiv R^2 - d^2 \, .</math>

If the meridional-plane location of the anchor ring — as written in cylindrical coordinates — is, <math>~(\varpi, z) = (a,Z_0)</math>, then the preferred toroidal-coordinate system has meridional-plane coordinates, <math>~(\eta, \theta)</math>, defined such that,

<math>~\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\ln\biggl(\frac{r_1}{r_2} \biggr) \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~\cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{(r_1^2 + r_2^2 - 4a^2)}{2r_1 r_2} \, ,</math>

where,

<math>~r_1^2 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~(\varpi + a)^2 + (z-Z_0)^2 \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~r_2^2 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~(\varpi - a)^2 + (z-Z_0)^2 \, ,</math>

and <math>~\theta</math> has the same sign as <math>~(z-Z_0)</math>. Mapping the other direction, we have,

<math>~\varpi</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{a \sinh\eta }{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~z-Z_0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{a \sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, .</math>

The three-dimensional differential volume element is,

<math>~d^3 r</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>\varpi d\varpi ~dz ~d\psi</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{a^3\sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^3} \biggr] d\eta~ d\theta~ d\psi \, .</math>

Note that, if <math>~\eta_0</math> identifies the surface of the uniform-density torus, then,

<math>~\cosh\eta_0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{R}{d} \, ,</math>

<math>~\sinh\eta_0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{a}{d} \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~\coth\eta_0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{R}{a} \, ;</math>

and when the integral over the volume element is completed — that is, over all <math>~\psi</math>, over all <math>~\theta</math>, and over the "radial" interval, <math>~\eta_0 \le \eta \le \infty</math> — the resulting volume is,

<math>~V</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{2\pi^2 \cosh\eta_0}{\sinh^3\eta_0}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~2\pi^2 Rd^2 \, .</math>

Also, given that,

<math>~\cosh\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ e^\eta + e^{-\eta} \biggr]</math>

and,

<math>~\sinh\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ e^\eta - e^{-\eta} \biggr] \, ,</math>

we have,

<math>~\coth\eta</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ e^\eta + e^{-\eta} \biggr]\biggl[ e^\eta - e^{-\eta} \biggr]^{-1}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{r_1}{r_2} + \frac{r_2}{r_1} \biggr]\biggl[ \frac{r_1}{r_2} - \frac{r_2}{r_1} \biggr]^{-1}</math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{r_1^2 + r_2^2}{r_1 r_2} \biggr]\biggl[ \frac{r_1^2 - r_2^2}{r_1 r_2} \biggr]^{-1}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{r_1^2 + r_2^2}{r_1^2 - r_2^2} \biggr]</math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ \varpi^2 + a^2 + (z - Z_0)^2 }{ 2a\varpi } \, . </math>

Arguments of Q and K

Want to explore argument of <math>~Q_{-1 / 2}(\Chi)</math>, namely,

<math> \Chi \equiv \frac{(\varpi^')^2 + \varpi^2 + (z^' - z)^2}{2\varpi^' \varpi} . </math>

Therefore,

<math>~2\varpi \biggl[ \varpi^' \Chi - a\coth\eta\biggr]</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (\varpi^')^2 + \varpi^2 + (z^' - z)^2 - [\varpi^2 + a^2 + (z - Z_0)^2 ] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + [ (z^')^2 - 2z^' z + z^2]- [z^2 - 2zZ_0 + Z_0^2] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^')^2- Z_0^2 +2z(Z_0 - z^' ) </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~2a\biggl[ \frac{\sinh\eta }{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \biggr]\biggl[ \varpi^' \Chi - a\coth\eta\biggr]</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^')^2- Z_0^2 +2(Z_0 - z^' )\biggl[ Z_0 + \frac{a \sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2aC_0 +2a(Z_0 - z^' )\biggl[ \frac{\sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \sinh\eta \biggl[ \varpi^' \Chi - a\coth\eta\biggr]</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ C_0 (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta) + (Z_0 - z^' ) \sin\theta </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \varpi^' \Chi </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\sinh\eta} \biggl[ C_0 (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta) + (Z_0 - z^' ) \sin\theta + a\cosh\eta\biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \Chi </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\varpi^' \sinh\eta} \biggl[ (C_0 + a)\cosh\eta + (Z_0 - z^' ) \sin\theta - C_0 \cos\theta \biggr] </math>

where,

<math>~ C_0 \equiv \frac{1}{2a}\biggl[ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^')^2- Z_0^2 +2Z_0 (Z_0 - z^' ) \biggr] = \frac{1}{2a}\biggl[ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^')^2 +Z_0^2 - 2Z_0 z^' \biggr] = \frac{1}{2a}\biggl[ (\varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^' - Z_0)^2 \biggr] \, . </math>

Now, notice that,

<math>~ ( \varpi^')^2 + a^2 + (z^' - Z_0)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2a\varpi^'~\coth\eta^' </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ ( \varpi^')^2 - a^2 + (z^' - Z_0)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2a\varpi^'~\coth\eta^' - 2a^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ C_0 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \varpi^'~\coth\eta^' - a </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{a \sinh\eta^' }{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')} \biggr] ~\coth\eta^' - a </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{a \cosh\eta^' }{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')} \biggr] - a \, . </math>

Hence,

<math>~ \Chi </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\cosh\eta}{\varpi^' \sinh\eta} \biggl[ \varpi^' \coth\eta^' \biggr] + \frac{1}{\sinh\eta} \biggl[ \frac{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')}{a \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] \biggl[ (Z_0 - z^' ) \sin\theta - C_0 \cos\theta \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \coth\eta \cdot \coth\eta^' + \biggl[ \frac{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')}{a \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] \biggl[ (Z_0 - z^' ) \sin\theta - C_0 \cos\theta \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \coth\eta \cdot \coth\eta^' - \biggl[ \frac{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')}{a \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] \biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{a \sin\theta^'}{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')} \biggr] \sin\theta + \biggl[ \frac{a \cosh\eta^' }{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')} \biggr] \cos\theta - a\cos\theta\biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \coth\eta \cdot \coth\eta^' - \biggl[ \frac{1 }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] \biggl\{ \sin\theta^' \sin\theta + \cosh\eta^' \cos\theta - (\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')\cos\theta\biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \coth\eta \cdot \coth\eta^' - \biggl[ \frac{\sin\theta^' \sin\theta +\cos\theta^'\cos\theta }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{\cosh\eta \cdot \cosh\eta^' - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] \, . </math>

Also,

<math>~ \Chi +1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{\sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' + \cosh\eta \cdot \cosh\eta^' - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{ \cosh(\eta^' + \eta) - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } \biggr] </math>
<math>~ \Rightarrow ~~~\mu^2 \equiv \frac{ 2 }{\Chi +1 }</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{2 \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' }{ \cosh(\eta^' + \eta) - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) } \biggr] \, . </math>

NOTE by Tohline: On 5 June 2018, I used Excel to test the validity of the toroidal-coordinate-based expressions that have been derived here, and summarized in the following table.

Summary Table
Quantity	Raw Expression in Cylindrical Coordinates	Expression in Terms of Toroidal Coordinates
<math>~\Chi</math>	<math> \frac{(\varpi^')^2 + \varpi^2 + (z^' - z)^2}{2\varpi^' \varpi} </math>	<math>~ \frac{\cosh\eta \cdot \cosh\eta^' - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } </math>
<math>~\mu^2 \equiv \frac{2}{\Chi + 1}</math>	<math> \frac{4\varpi^' \varpi}{(\varpi^' + \varpi)^2 + (z^' - z)^2} </math>	<math>~ \frac{2 \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' }{ \cosh(\eta^' + \eta) - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) } </math>

Potential

The potential, <math>~U({\vec{r}}~')</math>, at a point <math>~{\vec{r}}~'</math> due to an arbitrary mass distribution, <math>~\rho({\vec{r}})</math>, is,

<math>~U({\vec{r}}~')</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~-G \iiint \frac{\rho(\vec{r}) d^3r}{|~\vec{r} - {\vec{r}}^{~'} ~|} \, .</math>

Volume Element

See above.

Green's Function

Wong (1973) points out that in toroidal coordinates the Green's function is,

<math>~\frac{1}{|~\vec{r} - {\vec{r}}^{~'} ~|} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\pi a} \biggl[ (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)(\cosh \eta^' - \cos\theta^') \biggr]^{1 /2 } \sum\limits_{m,n} (-1)^m \epsilon_m \epsilon_n ~\frac{\Gamma(n-m+\tfrac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n + m + \tfrac{1}{2})} </math>
		<math>~ \times \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')][\cos[n(\theta - \theta^')] ~\begin{cases}P^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta) ~Q^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta^') ~~~\eta^' > \eta \\P^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta^') ~Q^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta)~~~\eta^' < \eta \end{cases}\, , </math>
Wong (1973), Eq. (2.53)

where, <math>~P^m_{n-1 / 2}, Q^m_{n-1 / 2}</math> are "Legendre functions of the first and second kind with order <math>~n - \tfrac{1}{2}</math> and degree <math>~m</math> (toroidal harmonics)," and <math>~\epsilon_m</math> is the Neumann factor, that is, <math>~\epsilon_0 = 1</math> and <math>~\epsilon_m = 2</math> for all <math>~m \ge 1</math>. According to CT99, the Green's function written in toroidal coordinates is,

<math>~ \frac{1}{|\vec{x} - \vec{x}^{~'}|}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\pi \sqrt{\varpi \varpi^'}} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \epsilon_m \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')] Q_{m- 1 / 2}(\Chi) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{a\pi} \biggl[ \frac{(\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^')}{\sinh\eta^' } \frac{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)}{\sinh\eta } \biggr]^{1 / 2} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \epsilon_m \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')] Q_{m- 1 / 2}(\Chi) \, . </math>

Things to note:

1. The argument of <math>~Q_{m - 1 / 2}</math> in the CT99 expression is very different from the argument of <math>~Q^m_{n - 1 / 2}</math> (or <math>~P^m_{n - 1 / 2}</math>) in Wong's expression.
2. In both expressions, <math>~m</math> is the integer multiplying the azimuthal angle, <math>~\psi</math>, but in the CT99 expression this index serves as the subscript index of the function, <math>~Q</math>, whereas in Wong's expression it serves as the superscript index of both functions, <math>~Q</math> and <math>~P</math>. In this context, note that,

   <math>~Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta)</math>

   <math>~=</math>

   <math>~(-1)^m \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} ~\Gamma(m-n+\tfrac{1}{2}) \biggl[ \frac{1}{ \sqrt{\sinh\eta}} \biggr] P^{n}_{m - \frac{1}{2}} (\coth\eta) \, . </math>

3. Wong's expression contains not only a summation over the index, <math>~m</math>, but also an explicit summation over the index, <math>~n</math>, which multiplies the "polar" angle, <math>~\theta</math>; no such additional summation appears in the CT99 expression, indicating that the summation over <math>~n</math> has implicitly already been completed. In this context, note that the summation expression gives,

   <math>~ Q^{\mu}_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\cosh\xi\right) + 2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} Q^{\mu}_{n-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\cosh\xi\right) \cos\left[ n (\theta - \theta^') \right] </math>

   <math>~=</math>

   <math>~ e^{\mu\pi i} \Gamma\left(\mu+ \tfrac{1}{2} \right) \biggl[ \dfrac{\left(\frac{1}{2}\pi\right)^{1/2}\left(\sinh\xi\right)^{\mu }}{\left\{ \cosh\xi -\cos\left[ n (\theta - \theta^') \right] \right\}^{\mu+(1/2)}}\biggr] \, ; </math>

   or, specifically for the case of <math>~\mu = 0</math>,

   <math>~ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \epsilon_n Q_{n-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\cosh\xi\right) \cos\left[ n(\theta - \theta^') \right] </math>

   <math>~=</math>

   <math>~ \dfrac{ \pi/\sqrt{2} }{\left[ \cosh\xi-\cos(\theta - \theta^') \right]^{\frac{1}{2}} } \, . </math>

4. Next thought …

New Insight

Identical Green's Function Expressions

Caltech's electronic version of A. Erdélyi's (1953) Higher Transcendental Functions; in particular, §3.11, p. 169 of Volume I gives,

	<math>~ Q_\nu[t t^' - (t^2-1)^{1 / 2} (t^{'2} - 1)^{1 / 2} \cos\psi] </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ Q_\nu(t) P_\nu(t^') + 2\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n Q^n_\nu(t) P^{-n}_\nu(t^') \cos(n\psi) </math>
A. Erdélyi (1953):  Volume I, §3.11, p. 169, eq. (4)

Valid for:

<math>~t, t^'</math>  real

<math>~1 < t^' < t</math>

<math>~\nu \ne -1, -2, -3, </math> …

<math>~\psi</math>   real

If we make the association, <math>~t \leftrightarrow \coth\eta</math>, then we also have,

<math>~\frac{1}{\sinh\eta}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\sqrt{t^2 - 1} \, ,</math>

in which case,

<math>~ \Chi </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\cosh\eta \cdot \cosh\eta^' - \cos(\theta^' - \theta) }{ \sinh\eta \cdot \sinh\eta^' } </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ t t^' - (t^2-1)^{1 / 2}(t^{'2}-1)^{1 / 2}\cos(\theta^' - \theta) \, . </math>

Put together, then, these expressions mean,

<math>~ Q_{m - 1 / 2}(\Chi) </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ Q_{m-1 / 2}(\coth\eta) P_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta^') + 2\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n Q^n_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta) P^{-n}_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta^') \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_n (-1)^n Q^n_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta) P^{-n}_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta^') \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] \, . </math>

Also, from our derived <math>~Q-P</math> relation,

<math>~Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} ~\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2}) ~(-1)^m\biggl[ \frac{1}{ \sqrt{\sinh\eta}} \biggr] P^{-n}_{m - \frac{1}{2}} (\coth\eta) </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ P^{-n}_{m - \frac{1}{2}} (\coth\eta)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} ~\frac{(-1)^m \sqrt{\sinh\eta} }{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} ~ Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta) \, . </math>

we can write,

<math>~ Q_{m - 1 / 2}(\Chi) </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_n (-1)^n Q^n_{m - 1 / 2}(\coth\eta) \biggl\{ \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} ~\frac{(-1)^m \sqrt{\sinh\eta^'} }{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} ~ Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta^') \biggr\} \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] </math>

Next, we pull from the accompanying discussion of the Gil et al. (2000) expression,

	<math>~Q_{n-1 / 2}^m (\lambda)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~(-1)^n \frac{\pi^{3/2}}{\sqrt{2}~ \Gamma(n-m+1 / 2)} (x^2-1)^{1 / 4} P_{m-1 / 2}^n(x) \, , </math>
Gil, Segura, & Temme (2000):  eq. (8)

where:

<math>~\lambda \equiv x/\sqrt{x^2-1}</math>

Identifying <math>~x</math> with <math>~\cosh\eta</math>, in which case we have <math>~\lambda = \coth\eta</math>, and, switching index notation, <math>~n \leftrightarrow m</math>, gives,

<math>~Q_{m-1 / 2}^n (\coth\eta)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~(-1)^m \frac{\pi^{3/2}}{\sqrt{2} \Gamma(m-n+\frac{1}{2})} (\sinh\eta)^{1 / 2} P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta) \, . </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (-1)^n \sqrt{ \frac{\pi}{2} } ~\Gamma(n - m + \tfrac{1}{2} )(\sinh\eta)^{1 / 2} P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta) \, . </math>

where, this last step also incorporates the "Euler reflection formula for gamma functions", namely,

<math>~\frac{1}{\Gamma(m-n+\tfrac{1}{2})} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\Gamma(n-m+\frac{1}{2}) }{\pi (-1)^{m+n}} \, .</math>

So we have,

<math>~ Q_{m - 1 / 2}(\Chi) </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_n (-1)^n \biggl\{(-1)^n \sqrt{ \frac{\pi}{2} } ~\Gamma(n - m + \tfrac{1}{2} )(\sinh\eta)^{1 / 2} P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta)\biggr\} \biggl\{ \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} ~\frac{(-1)^m \sqrt{\sinh\eta^'} }{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} ~ Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta^') \biggr\} \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\sqrt{\sinh\eta^'} \sqrt{\sinh\eta} \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_n (-1)^m \frac{ \Gamma(n - m + \tfrac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta) Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta^') \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] \, . </math>

Hence, the CT99 Green's function may be rewritten as,

<math>~ \frac{1}{|\vec{x} - \vec{x}^{~'}|}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{a\pi} [ (\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^') (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)]^{1 / 2} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \epsilon_m \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')] \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_n (-1)^m \frac{ \Gamma(n - m + \tfrac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta) Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta^') \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{a\pi} [ (\cosh\eta^' - \cos\theta^') (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)]^{1 / 2} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^\infty \epsilon_m\epsilon_n (-1)^m \frac{ \Gamma(n - m + \tfrac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n+m + \tfrac{1}{2})} \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')] \cos[n(\theta^' - \theta)] P_{n-1 / 2}^m(\cosh\eta) Q^m_{n-\frac{1}{2}}(\cosh\eta^') \, . </math>

Let's compare this with Wong's (1973) Green's function, namely,

<math>~\frac{1}{|~\vec{r} - {\vec{r}}^{~'} ~|} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\pi a} \biggl[ (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)(\cosh \eta^' - \cos\theta^') \biggr]^{1 /2 } \sum\limits_{m,n} (-1)^m \epsilon_m \epsilon_n ~\frac{\Gamma(n-m+\tfrac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n + m + \tfrac{1}{2})} </math>
		<math>~ \times \cos[m(\psi - \psi^')][\cos[n(\theta - \theta^')] ~\begin{cases}P^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta) ~Q^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta^') ~~~\eta^' > \eta \\P^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta^') ~Q^m_{n-1 / 2}(\cosh\eta)~~~\eta^' < \eta \end{cases}\, . </math>
Wong (1973), Eq. (2.53)

[June 10, 2018] Amazing! The two expressions match precisely!

Integral Over Polar Angle

On p. 293 of his article, Wong (1973) references A. Erdélyi's (1953) Higher Transcendental Functions and states, "It can be shown that …"

<math>~ \int^\pi_{-\pi} d\theta (\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{-\tfrac{5}{2}} \cos[n(\theta - \theta^')] </math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ (8\sqrt{2}/3) Q^2_{n - \frac{1}{2}} (\cosh\eta) \cos (n\theta^')/\sinh^2\eta \, . </math> Wong (1973), Eq. (2.56)

Let's see if we can replicate this integration result. (We tried using WolframAlpha's integration tool, but were unsuccessful.) We presume that Wong initially took the following steps to simplify the left-hand-side of this integral expression:

<math>~\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \frac{\cos[n(\theta - \theta^')] d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \cos(n\theta^') \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \frac{ \cos(n\theta) ~ d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} + \sin(n\theta^') \cancelto{0}{ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \frac{ \sin(n\theta) d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} } </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2 \cos(n\theta^') \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{ \cos(n\theta)~ d\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^{5 / 2}} \, . </math>

That is to say, given that the limits of the integration are <math>~-\pi</math> to <math>~+\pi</math>:   The second integral on the right-hand-side will go to zero because the numerator of its integrand — i.e., <math>~\sin(n\theta)</math> — is an odd function; and, with regard to the first integral on the right-hand-side, the lower integration limit can be set to zero and the result doubled because the numerator of its integrand — i.e., <math>~\cos(n\theta)</math> — is an even function.

Now, examining Wong's reference to A. Erdélyi's (1953) Higher Transcendental Functions, we find:

• Equation (5) in §3.7, p. 155 of Volume I gives,

  <math>~Q_\nu^\mu(z)</math>

  <math>~=</math>

  <math>~ e^{i \mu \pi} ~2^{-\nu - 1} \frac{\Gamma(\nu + \mu + 1) }{\Gamma(\nu + 1) } (z^2 - 1)^{-\mu/2} \int_0^\pi (z+\cos t)^{\mu - \nu - 1} (\sin t)^{2\nu + 1} dt \, . </math>

  This is valid for,

  <math>~\mathrm{Re} ~\nu > -1</math>

  and

  <math>~\mathrm{Re} (\nu + \mu + 1) > 0 \, .</math>

• Equation (10) in §3.7, p. 156 of Volume I gives,

  	<math>~Q_\nu^\mu(z)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ e^{i \mu \pi} ~ (2\pi)^{-\frac{1}{2}} (z^2-1)^{\mu/2} ~\Gamma(\mu + \tfrac{1}{2})~\biggl\{ \int_0^\pi (z - \cos t)^{-\mu - \frac{1}{2}} \cos[(\nu + \tfrac{1}{2})t] ~dt -\cos(\nu\pi) \int_0^\infty (z + \cosh t)^{-\mu - \frac{1}{2}} e^{-(\nu + \frac{1}{2})t} ~dt \biggr\} </math>
  A. Erdélyi (1953):  Volume I, §3.7, p. 156, eq. (10)

  Valid for:

  <math>~\mathrm{Re} ~\nu > -\tfrac{1}{2}</math>

  and

  <math>~\mathrm{Re} (\nu + \mu + 1) > 0 \, .</math>

Focusing in on this second integral definition of the Legendre function, <math>~Q^\mu_\nu</math>, let's set <math>~z = \cosh\eta</math>, <math>~t = \theta</math>, <math>~\mu = 2</math>, and, <math>~\nu = n - \tfrac{1}{2}</math>, where <math>~n</math> is zero or a positive integer. in this case we have,

<math>~Q_{n - \frac{1}{2}}^2 (\cosh\eta)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (2\pi)^{-\frac{1}{2}} (\cosh^2\eta-1) ~\Gamma(\tfrac{5}{2})~\biggl\{ \int_0^\pi (\cosh\eta - \cos \theta)^{-\frac{5}{2}} \cos(n\theta) ~d\theta - \cancelto{0}{\cos[(n-\tfrac{1}{2})\pi] }~~\int_0^\infty (\cosh\eta + \cosh \theta)^{- \frac{5}{2}} e^{-n\theta} ~d\theta \biggr\} \, , </math>

where the prefactor of the second term — that is, <math>~\cos[(n-\tfrac{1}{2})\pi] </math> — goes to zero for all allowable values of the integer, <math>~n</math>. Hence,

<math>~2\cos(n\theta^') \int_0^\pi \frac{ \cos(n\theta)~d\theta }{ (\cosh\eta - \cos \theta)^{\frac{5}{2}} } </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{ 2(2\pi)^{\frac{1}{2}} Q_{n - \frac{1}{2}}^2 (\cosh\eta) \cos(n\theta^')}{ (\cosh^2\eta-1) ~\Gamma(\tfrac{5}{2})~ } </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{ 2^3 \sqrt{2} }{ 3 } \biggr] \frac{ Q_{n - \frac{1}{2}}^2(\cosh\eta) \cos(n\theta^')}{ \sinh^2\eta } \, . </math>

where we have set,

<math>~ \Gamma(\tfrac{5}{2}) = \Gamma(\tfrac{1}{2} + 2) = \frac{ \sqrt{\pi} \cdot 4! }{4^2 \cdot 2!} = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot 2^3\cdot 3}{ 2^5 } = \frac{3 \sqrt{\pi}}{2^2} \, . </math>

The right-hand-side of this last expression exactly matches the result published by Wong (1973) and rewritten inside the box, above.

Q.E.D.

See Also

• Arthur Erdélyi (1953, New York: McGraw-Hill) — Higher Transcendental Functions, especially Volume I, Chapter 3 (pp. 120 - 174)
• T. G. Cowling (1940, Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser., 11, 222 - 224) — On Certain Expansions Involving Products of Legendre Functions

© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline |   H_Book Home   |   YouTube   | Appendices: | Equations | Variables | References | Ramblings | Images | myphys.lsu | ADS | Recommended citation:   Tohline, Joel E. (2021), The Structure, Stability, & Dynamics of Self-Gravitating Fluids, a (MediaWiki-based) Vistrails.org publication, https://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/citation