User:Tohline/Apps/Blaes85SlimLimit

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Stability of PP Tori in the Slim Torus Limit

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface
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Statement of the Eigenvalue Problem

Here, we build on our discussion in an accompanying chapter in which five published analyses of nonaxisymmetric instabilities in Papaloizou-Pringle tori were reviewed: The discovery paper, PP84, and papers by four separate groups that were published within a couple of years of the discovery paper — Papaloizou & Pringle (1985), Blaes (1985), Kojima (1986), and Goldreich, Goodman & Narayan (1986). Following the lead of Blaes (1985; hereafter Blaes85), in particular, we have shown that the relevant eigenvalue problem is defined by the following 2nd-order PDE,

<math>~0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \eta^2 (1-\eta^2)\cdot \frac{\partial^2(\delta W)^{(0)}}{\partial \eta^2} + (1-\eta^2) \cdot \frac{\partial^2(\delta W)^{(0)}}{\partial\theta^2} + \biggl[ \eta (1-\eta^2) -2 n \eta^3 \biggr] \cdot \frac{\partial (\delta W)^{(0)}}{\partial \eta} + 2n\eta^2 \biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2 (\delta W)^{(0)} \, , </math>

where, <math>~\delta W^{(0)}</math> is the dimensionless enthalpy perturbation. Making the substitution,

<math>~\delta W^{(0)} ~\rightarrow~ V(\eta) \exp (ik\theta) \, ,</math>

this governing equation — now, a one-dimensional, 2nd-order ODE — becomes,

<math>~0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \eta^2 (1-\eta^2)\cdot \frac{d^2V}{d \eta^2} - k^2(1-\eta^2) V + \biggl[ \eta (1-\eta^2) -2 n \eta^3 \biggr] \cdot \frac{d V}{d \eta} + 2n\eta^2 \biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2 V \, . </math>

Making the additional substitution,

<math>~V ~\rightarrow~ \eta^{|k|} \Upsilon(\eta) \, ,</math>

and appreciating that,

<math>~\frac{dV}{d\eta}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~|k|\eta^{|k|-1} \Upsilon + \eta^{|k|} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \, ,</math>

<math>~\frac{d^2V}{d\eta^2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ |k|[|k|-1] \eta^{|k|-2}\Upsilon + 2|k|\eta^{|k|-1} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} + \eta^{|k|} \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2}\, ,</math>

the governing ODE becomes,

<math>~ \biggl\{k^2(1-\eta^2) - 2n\eta^2 \biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2\biggr\} \eta^{|k|}\Upsilon </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \eta^2 (1-\eta^2)\cdot \biggl[ |k|[|k|-1] \eta^{|k|-2}\Upsilon + 2|k|\eta^{|k|-1} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} + \eta^{|k|} \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2}

\biggr]

+ \biggl[ \eta (1-\eta^2) -2 n \eta^3 \biggr] \cdot \biggl[ |k|\eta^{|k|-1} \Upsilon + \eta^{|k|} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(1-\eta^2) \biggl[ |k|[|k|-1] \eta^{|k|}\Upsilon + 2|k|\eta^{|k|+1} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} + \eta^{|k|+2} \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2}\biggr] + \biggl[ (1-\eta^2) -2 n \eta^2 \biggr] \cdot \biggl[ |k|\eta^{|k|} \Upsilon + \eta^{|k|+1} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\eta^{|k|}(1-\eta^2) \biggl[ k^2 \Upsilon + (2|k|+1)\eta \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} + \eta^{2} \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2} \biggr] - \eta^{|k|}\biggl[ 2 n \eta^2 \biggr] \cdot \biggl[ |k| \Upsilon + \eta \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \biggr] </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ - 2n\eta^2 \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2 -|k|\biggr] \Upsilon </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(1-\eta^2) \biggl[ \eta^{2} \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2} + (2|k|+1)\eta \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \biggr] - \biggl[ 2 n \eta^3 \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} \biggr] \, . </math>

Finally, then, making the independent variable substitution,

<math>~\eta^2 ~\rightarrow ~ y</math>       <math>~\Rightarrow</math>       <math>~dy = 2\eta d\eta</math>      

in which case,

<math>~\frac{d}{d\eta}</math>

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~2y^{1/2}\frac{d}{dy}</math>

<math>~\frac{d^2}{d\eta^2}</math>

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~2\frac{d}{dy} + 4y\frac{d^2}{dy^2} \, .</math>

and,

<math>~ - 2ny \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2 -|k|\biggr] \Upsilon </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (1-y) y \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{d\eta^2} + (2|k|+1)(1-y)y^{1/2} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} - 2 n y^{3/2} \frac{d\Upsilon}{d\eta} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ 4(1-y)y^2 \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{dy^2} + 2(1-y) y \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} + 2(2|k|+1)(1-y)y \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} - 4 n y^{2} \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~ - \frac{n}{2}\biggl[\biggl( \frac{\sigma}{\Omega_0} + m \biggr)^2 -|k|\biggr] \Upsilon </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (1-y)y \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{dy^2} + \frac{1}{2}(1-y) \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} + \frac{1}{2}(2|k|+1)(1-y)\frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} - n y \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (1-y)y \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{dy^2} + (|k|+1)(1-y)\frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} - n y \frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (1-y)y \frac{d^2\Upsilon}{dy^2} + (|k|+1)\frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} -y (|k|+1+n)\frac{d\Upsilon}{dy} \, . </math>

This matches equation (3.9) of Blaes85. According to Blaes (1985), this equation "… is a standard eigenvalue problem whose only solutions are the Jacobi polynomials …"


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Solution

My own background training and experience has not previously exposed me to the general class of Jacobi polynomials. In my effort to understand this class of polynomials and, specifically, their relationship to the Sturm-Liouville Equation, I have found the following references to be useful:

Singular Sturm-Liouville Problem

Drawing on Theorem 3.16 from Yu's class notes, we find that each one of the set of <math>j=0 \rightarrow \infty</math> Jacobi polynomials, <math>~J_j^{\alpha,\beta}(x)</math>, is an eigenfunction of the singular Sturm-Liouville problem whose mathematical definition is provided by the 2nd-order ODE,

<math>~\mathcal{L}_{\alpha,\beta}J_j^{\alpha,\beta}(x)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\lambda_j^{\alpha,\beta}J_j^{\alpha,\beta}(x) \, ,</math>

where the differential operator,

<math>~\mathcal{L}_{\alpha,\beta}</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ -(1-x)^{-\alpha}(1+x)^{-\beta} \cdot \frac{d}{dx} \biggl[ (1-x)^{\alpha+1}(1+x)^{\beta+1} \cdot \frac{d}{dx} \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (x^2-1)\cdot \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + [\alpha - \beta + (\alpha+\beta+2)x]\cdot \frac{d}{dx} \, ,</math>

and the corresponding jth eigenvalue is,

<math>~\lambda_j^{\alpha,\beta}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~j(j+\alpha+\beta + 1) \, .</math>

(Note that we have used "j" instead of the more traditional use of "n" to identify the specific Jacobi polynomial, because we are already using "n" to denote the polytropic index.)

See Also

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface

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