Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/ThreeDimensionalConfigurations/Challenges"

From VistrailsWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 387: Line 387:
</li>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
This third expression can be used to replace the left-hand-side of the first and second expressions.  Then via some additional algebraic manipulation, the first and second expressions can be combined to provide the desired solutions for the parameter pair, <math>~(\Omega_f, \lambda)</math>, namely,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{\Omega_f^2}{(\pi G \rho)}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl[M + \sqrt{ M^2 - 4N^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>
  </td>
<td align="center">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{\lambda^2}{(\pi G \rho)}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl[M - \sqrt{ M^2 - 4N^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...639..549O/abstract Ou(2006)], p. 551, &sect;2, Eqs. (15) &amp; (16)
</div>
where,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~M</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\equiv</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
2\biggl[ A_1 - A_2 \biggl( \frac{b^2}{a^2}\biggr) \biggr]\biggl[ \frac{a^2}{a^2 - b^2} \biggr] \, ,</math> &nbsp; &nbsp; and,
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~N</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\equiv</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{1}{a b ( a^2 -  b^2 )}\biggl[ A_3 ( a^2  -  b^2 )c^2  -  (A_2 - A_1) a^2 b^2 \biggr] \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>


==Compressible Structures==
==Compressible Structures==

Revision as of 22:56, 11 September 2020

Challenges Constructing Ellipsoidal-Like Configurations

First, let's review the three different approaches that we have described for constructing Riemann S-type ellipsoids. Then let's see how these relate to the technique that has been used to construct infinitesimally thin, nonaxisymmetric disks.


Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface
|   Tiled Menu   |   Tables of Content   |  Banner Video   |  Tohline Home Page   |

Riemann S-type Ellipsoids

Usually, the density, <math>~\rho</math>, and the pair of axis ratios, <math>~b/a</math> and <math>~c/a</math>, are specified. Then, the Poisson equation is solved to obtain <math>~\Phi_\mathrm{grav}</math> in terms of <math>~A_1</math>, <math>~A_2</math>, and <math>~A_3</math>. The aim, then, is to determine the value of the central enthalpy, <math>~H_0</math> — alternatively, the thermal energy density, <math>~\Pi</math> — and the two parameters, <math>~\Omega_f</math> and <math>~\lambda</math>, that determine the magnitude of the velocity flow-field. Keep in mind that, as viewed from a frame of reference that is spinning with the ellipsoid (at angular frequency, <math>~\Omega_f</math>), the adopted (rotating-frame) velocity field is,

<math>~\bold{u}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\lambda \biggl[ \boldsymbol{\hat\imath} \biggl( \frac{a}{b}\biggr) y - \boldsymbol{\hat\jmath} \biggl( \frac{b}{a} \biggr) x \biggr] \, .</math>

Hence, the inertial-frame velocity is given by the expression,

<math>~\bold{v}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\bold{u} + \bold{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_f \varpi \, .</math>

While we will fundamentally rely on the <math>~(\Omega_f, \lambda)</math> parameter pair to define the velocity flow-field, in discussions of Riemann S-type ellipsoids it is customary to also refer to the following two additional parameters: The (rotating-frame) vorticity,

<math>~\boldsymbol{\zeta} \equiv \boldsymbol{\nabla \times}\bold{u}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \boldsymbol{\hat\imath} \biggl[ \frac{\partial u_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial u_y}{\partial z} \biggr] + \boldsymbol{\hat\jmath} \biggl[ \frac{\partial u_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial u_z}{\partial x} \biggr] + \bold{\hat{k}} \biggl[ \frac{\partial u_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial u_x}{\partial y} \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\bold{\hat{k}} \biggl[ - \lambda \biggl(\frac{b}{a} + \frac{a}{b}\biggr) \biggr] \, ;</math>

and the dimensionless frequency ratio,

<math>~f</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\frac{ \zeta}{\Omega_f} \, .</math>

2nd-Order TVE Expressions

As we have discussed in detail in an accompanying chapter, the three diagonal elements of the <math>~(3 \times 3)</math> 2nd-order tensor virial equation are sufficient to determine the equilibrium values of <math>~\Pi</math>, <math>~\Omega_3</math>, and <math>~\zeta_3</math>.

Indices 2nd-Order TVE Expressions that are Relevant to Riemann S-Type Ellipsoids
<math>~i</math> <math>~j</math>
<math>~1</math> <math>~1</math>

<math>~0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{3\cdot 5}{2^2\pi a b c\rho} \biggr] \Pi +\biggl\{ \Omega_3^2 + 2 \biggl[ \frac{b^2}{b^2+a^2}\biggr] \Omega_3 \zeta_3 ~-~(2\pi G\rho) A_1 \biggr\} a^2 + \biggl[ \frac{a^2}{a^2 + b^2}\biggr]^2 \zeta_3^2 b^2 </math>

<math>~2</math> <math>~2</math>

<math>~0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{3\cdot 5}{2^2\pi a b c \rho} \biggr]\Pi + \biggl[ \frac{b^2}{b^2+a^2}\biggr]^2 \zeta_3^2 a^2 + \biggl\{ \Omega_3^2 + 2 \biggl[ \frac{a^2}{a^2 + b^2}\biggr] \Omega_3 \zeta_3 ~-~( 2\pi G \rho) A_2 \biggr\}b^2 </math>

<math>~3</math> <math>~3</math>

<math>~0</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{3\cdot 5}{2^2\pi abc\rho} \biggr]\Pi - (2\pi G \rho)A_3 c^2 </math>


The <math>~(i, j) = (3, 3)</math> element gives <math>~\Pi</math> directly in terms of known parameters. The <math>~(1, 1)</math> and <math>~(2, 2)</math> elements can then be combined in a couple of different ways to obtain a coupled set of expressions that define <math>~\Omega_3</math> and <math>~f \equiv \zeta_3/\Omega_3</math>.


<math>~\biggl[ \frac{b^2 a^2}{b^2+a^2}\biggr] f \Omega_3^2 </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \pi G\rho \biggl[ \frac{(A_1 - A_2)a^2b^2}{ b^2 - a^2} - A_3 c^2\biggr] \, ; </math>

[ EFE, Chapter 7, §48, Eq. (34) ]

and,

<math>~ \Omega_3^2 \biggl\{1 + \biggl[ \frac{a^2b^2}{(a^2 + b^2)^2}\biggr] f^2 \biggr\} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{2\pi G\rho}{ (a^2-b^2) } \biggl[ A_1 a^2 - A_2 b^2 \biggr] \, . </math>

[ EFE, Chapter 7, §48, Eq. (33) ]


Ou's (2006) Detailed Force Balance

In a separate accompanying chapter, we have described in detail how Ou(2006) used, essentially, the HSCF technique to solve the detailed force-balance equations. Beginning with the,

Eulerian Representation
of the Euler Equation
as viewed from a Rotating Reference Frame

<math>\biggl[\frac{\partial\vec{v}}{\partial t}\biggr]_{rot} + ({\vec{v}}_{rot}\cdot \nabla) {\vec{v}}_{rot}= - \frac{1}{\rho} \nabla P - \nabla \Phi_\mathrm{grav}

- {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}) - 2{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\vec{v}}_{rot} \, ,</math>


it can be shown that, for the velocity fields associated with all Riemann S-type ellipsoids,

<math>~({\vec{v}}_{rot}\cdot \nabla) {\vec{v}}_{rot}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\nabla \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \lambda^2(x^2 + y^2) \biggr] \, ; </math>

<math>~- {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ +\nabla\biggl[\frac{1}{2} \Omega_f^2 (x^2 + y^2) \biggr] \, ; </math>

<math>~- 2{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\vec{v}}_{rot} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ - \nabla\biggl[ \Omega_f \lambda\biggl( \frac{b}{a} x^2 + \frac{a}{b}y^2 \biggr) \biggr] \, . </math>

Hence, within the configuration the following Bernoulli's function must be uniform in space:

<math>~ H + \Phi_\mathrm{grav} - \frac{1}{2} \Omega_f^2(x^2 + y^2) - \frac{1}{2} \lambda^2(x^2 + y^2) + \Omega_f \lambda \biggl(\frac{b}{a}x^2 + \frac{a}{b}y^2 \biggr) </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ C_B \, , </math>

Ou(2006), p. 550, §2, Eq. (6)

where <math>~C_B</math> is a constant. So, at the surface of the ellipsoid (where the enthalpy H = 0) on each of its three principal axes, the equilibrium conditions demanded by the expression for detailed force balance become, respectively:

  1. On the x-axis, where (x, y, z) = (a, 0, 0):

    <math>~2\biggl[ \frac{C_B}{a^2} + (\pi G\rho)I_\mathrm{BT} \biggr]</math>

    <math>~=</math>

    <math>~ (2\pi G \rho) A_1 - \Omega_f^2 - \lambda^2 + 2\Omega_f \lambda \biggl(\frac{b}{a} \biggr) </math>

  2. On the y-axis, where (x, y, z) = (0, b, 0):

    <math>~2\biggl[ \frac{C_B}{a^2} + (\pi G\rho)I_\mathrm{BT} \biggr]</math>

    <math>~=</math>

    <math>~ (2\pi G \rho) A_2 \biggl( \frac{b^2}{a^2}\biggr) - \Omega_f^2 \biggl( \frac{b^2}{a^2} \biggr) - \lambda^2\biggl( \frac{b^2}{a^2} \biggr) + 2\Omega_f \lambda \biggl(\frac{b}{a}\biggr) </math>

  3. On the z-axis, where (x, y, z) = (0, 0, c):

    <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ 2 \biggl[ \frac{C_B}{a^2} + (\pi G\rho)I_\mathrm{BT}\biggr]</math>

    <math>~=</math>

    <math>~ (2\pi G \rho) A_3 \biggl( \frac{c^2}{a^2}\biggr) </math>

This third expression can be used to replace the left-hand-side of the first and second expressions. Then via some additional algebraic manipulation, the first and second expressions can be combined to provide the desired solutions for the parameter pair, <math>~(\Omega_f, \lambda)</math>, namely,

<math>~\frac{\Omega_f^2}{(\pi G \rho)}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl[M + \sqrt{ M^2 - 4N^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>

      and      

<math>~\frac{\lambda^2}{(\pi G \rho)}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl[M - \sqrt{ M^2 - 4N^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>

Ou(2006), p. 551, §2, Eqs. (15) & (16)

where,

<math>~M</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ 2\biggl[ A_1 - A_2 \biggl( \frac{b^2}{a^2}\biggr) \biggr]\biggl[ \frac{a^2}{a^2 - b^2} \biggr] \, ,</math>     and,

<math>~N</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{a b ( a^2 - b^2 )}\biggl[ A_3 ( a^2 - b^2 )c^2 - (A_2 - A_1) a^2 b^2 \biggr] \, . </math>

Compressible Structures

See Also

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface

© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline
|   H_Book Home   |   YouTube   |
Appendices: | Equations | Variables | References | Ramblings | Images | myphys.lsu | ADS |
Recommended citation:   Tohline, Joel E. (2021), The Structure, Stability, & Dynamics of Self-Gravitating Fluids, a (MediaWiki-based) Vistrails.org publication, https://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/citation