Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/Apps/Ostriker64"

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==Coordinate System==
==Coordinate System==


===Basics===
In &sect;IIa of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], Ostriker defines a set of orthogonal coordinates, <math>~(r,\phi,\theta)</math>, that is related to the traditional Cartesian coordinate system, <math>~(x,y,z)</math>, via the relations,
In &sect;IIa of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], Ostriker defines a set of orthogonal coordinates, <math>~(r,\phi,\theta)</math>, that is related to the traditional Cartesian coordinate system, <math>~(x,y,z)</math>, via the relations,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
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</table>
</table>


 
===Relationship to Toroidal Coordinate===
===Second Attempt===
Referring back to our separate discussion of the [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalGreenFunction#Basic_Elements_of_a_Toroidal_Coordinate_System|basic elements of a toroidal coordinate system]], we know that, the meridional-plane toroidal coordinates <math>~(\eta,\theta)</math> are related to traditional meridional-plane cylindrical coordinate pair <math>~(\varpi,z)</math> via the expressions,
====Single Offset Circle====
Now an [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Off-center_Circle|off-center circle]] whose major and minor radii are, respectively, <math>~(\varpi_0,d)</math>, will be described by the expression,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~d^2</math>
<math>~\frac{\varpi}{R}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \, ,</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{z}{R}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 151: Line 160:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \, ,</math>
(\varpi - \varpi_0)^2 + z^2 \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>


<span id="Dsquared">where both <math>~d</math> and <math>~\varpi_0</math> are held constant while mapping out the variation of <math>~z</math> with <math>~\varpi</math>.  If we acknowledge that, in general, <math>~\varpi_0 \ne R_\mathrm{JPO}</math>, then we know how <math>~r</math> varies with <math>~\phi</math> via the relation,</span>
assuming that the cylindrical-coordinate location of the ''anchor ring'' is <math>~(\varpi,z) = (R,0)</math>.  Let's determine how to transform between these two sets of coordinate pairs. 
 
====Independent Exploration====
First, eliminating reference to Ostriker's "polar angle" <math>~\phi</math>, we see that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~d^2</math>
<math>~\frac{r^2}{R^2} </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 169: Line 179:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R} - 1 \biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{z}{R}\biggr)^2</math>
\biggl[ R_\mathrm{JPO} + r\cos\phi - \varpi_0\biggr]^2 + r^2\sin^2\phi
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 183: Line 191:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{\sinh\eta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} - 1 \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \biggr]^2</math>
(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2  
+ 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr]
+r^2
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 193: Line 197:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ 0 </math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 199: Line 203:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{(\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta)^2 + \sin^2\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^2} \biggr] \, .</math>
r^2 + 2r\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] + \biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Then, eliminating reference to Ostriker's radial coordinate <math>~r</math>, we find,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ r </math>
<math>~\cot\phi</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 213: Line 218:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{\varpi/R - 1}{z/R}</math>
\frac{1}{2}\biggl\{
- 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm
\sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr] }
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 230: Line 230:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}</math>
\frac{1}{2}\biggl\{
2\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm
\sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^2 - d^2\biggr] }
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 241: Line 236:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{r}{ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) }</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 247: Line 242:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\cot\theta + \frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta }{\sin\theta} \, .</math>
\cos\phi \pm
\sqrt{ \cos^2\phi  - 1 + d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2} }
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Now let's try to derive the alternate transformation.  We'll start by eliminating the "polar angle" in toroidal coordinates.
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\cosh\eta - \cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 262: Line 257:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R}</math>
\cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
  </td>
</math>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cos\theta</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\cosh\eta - \frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R} \, .</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
 
The same relation also implies that,
In order to align this expression with the terminology (and variable labels) that we use in the context of a toroidal coordinate system, we associate the radius of the ''anchor ring'' as <math>~R_\mathrm{JPO}\leftrightarrow a</math>, and we associate the major radius of each circular torus as <math>~\varpi_0 \leftrightarrow R_0</math>.  We therefore have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{r}{ (R_0-a) }</math>
<math>~\frac{z}{R}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
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   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr) \frac{\sin\theta}{\sinh\eta}</math>
\cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0-a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }  
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 288: Line 290:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{r}{a}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \sin\theta </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
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   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr)
<math>~\frac{z}{R}\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sinh\eta \, .</math>
\biggl[ \cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ \biggl(\frac{d}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } \biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
 
Together, then, we have,
and, the coordinates of points along the surface of the torus <math>~(\varpi,z)</math> are provided by the expressions,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\varpi</math>
<math>~1 = \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 313: Line 312:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
a + (R_0 - a)\cos\phi \biggl[
\biggl[ \frac{z}{R}\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
\cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
+ \biggl[ \cosh\eta - \frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R} \biggr]^2
\biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 322: Line 320:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~z</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 329: Line 327:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
(R_0 - a)\sin\phi \biggl[
\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \biggl[ \frac{z}{R} \cdot \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
\cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
+ \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi}{R}\cdot \cosh\eta - \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
\biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
We have tested this pair of expressions using Excel and have successfully demonstrated that they do, indeed, trace out a circle of radius, <math>~d</math>, whose center is offset from the symmetry axis by a distance, <math>~R_0</math>.
====Set of Circles Whose Offset Increases With Circle Diameter====
A set of nested off-center circles will be described by allowing <math>~R_0 = R_0(d)</math>, that is, by having the off-set distance, <math>~R_0</math>, vary with the size of the circle, <math>~d</math>.  The above prescription for the normalized "coordinate" <math>~r/a</math> will work for ''any'' prescribed <math>~R_0(d)</math> function.
But a ''particular'' <math>~R_0(d)</math> function is demanded if we want this derived prescription to represent the behavior of toroidal coordinates.  In a [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Introducing_Toroidal_Coordinates|toroidal coordinate system]], a specification of the value of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, automatically dictates the ratio <math>~R_0/d</math>; but we are not at liberty to separately define the value of the ''difference,'' <math>~(R_0 - d)</math>.  Instead, we must enforce the toroidal-coordinate relation,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~a^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{2} </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 353: Line 341:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~R_0^2 - d^2</math>
<math>~
\biggl[ \frac{z}{R} \cdot \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
+ \biggl[ \frac{\varpi}{R}\cdot \cosh\eta - \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Alternatively, in an attempt to eliminate <math>~\eta</math>, we have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{R_0}{a}-1</math>
<math>~\sinh\eta </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
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   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl[ 1 + \delta^2\biggr]^{1 / 2} -1 \, ,</math>
<math>~\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sin\theta </math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
where we have adopted the shorthand notation, <math>~\delta\equiv d/a</math>.  Hence,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cosh\eta = \biggl[ 1 + \sinh^2\eta\biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl[ 1 + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
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   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~[ \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 ]
<math>~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}  + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>
\{ \cos\phi  \pm [\delta^2 ( \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 )^{-2}-\sin^2\phi ]^{1 / 2} \}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
 
But, also,
Now, in a [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Introducing_Toroidal_Coordinates|toroidal coordinate system]], there is a similar "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, whose value varies with distance from the ''anchor ring'' of radius, <math>~a</math>.  Its value depends on both <math>~R_0</math> and <math>~d</math> via the relation,
<div align="center">
<math>~R_0 = d\cosh\eta \, .</math>
</div>
This means that,  
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


Line 402: Line 398:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{\delta}\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}\biggr) = \frac{\sqrt{1+\delta^2}}{\delta} </math>
<math>~\biggl( \frac{z}{R} \biggr)^{-1} \sin\theta + \cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 408: Line 404:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 \cosh^2\eta</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}  + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 414: Line 410:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~1 + \delta^2</math>
<math>~\sin\theta + \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr) \cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 420: Line 416:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}  + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 426: Line 422:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{\cosh^2\eta - 1} = \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} </math>
<math>~\sin^2\theta + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta +  \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^2 \cos^2\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 432: Line 428:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \sqrt{1 + \delta^2} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggl[1-\cos^2\theta  \biggr] </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 438: Line 434:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} \biggr]^{1 / 2}
<math>~\sin^2\theta\biggl[1 -  \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \biggr] + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta </math>
= \coth\eta
   </td>
\, ,</math>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
which also means that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~0 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 455: Line 446:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~[ \coth\eta -1 ]
<math>~\sin^2\theta\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta </math>
\biggl\{ \cos\phi \pm \biggl[ ( \cosh\eta -\sinh\eta )^{-2} -\sin^2\phi \biggr]^{1 / 2}
\biggr\} \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
====Case of Small Offset====
Another way to look at this issue is to go [[#Dsquared|back to the expression]],
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~d^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[1 -  \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
<td align="left">
  <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~ - 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr) \cot\theta </math>
(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2
+ 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr]
+r^2
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 486: Line 464:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \delta^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cot\theta </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
<td align="left">
  <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2
<math>~- \frac{1}{2}\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl[1 -  \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2  - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] \, .</math>
+ \frac{r}{a}\biggl[ 2\biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)\biggr] \cos\phi
+ \biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)^2  
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
and assume that, while still dependent on the radial coordinate, the dimensionless offset is small. That is, assume that,
Now that I think about it, this is all a bit silly because from the [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalGreenFunction#Basic_Elements_of_a_Toroidal_Coordinate_System|basic elements of a toroidal coordinate system]] we already know how to shift from cylindrical to toroidal coordinates.
 
====Back to Basics====
 
Mapping the other direction [see equations 2.13 - 2.15 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AnPhy..77..279W Wong (1973)] ], we have,
<div align="center">
<div align="center">
<math>~\Delta(\delta) \equiv 1 - \frac{R_0(\delta)}{a} \ll 1 \, .</math>
</div>
In this case, we can write,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~ \delta^2</math>
<math>~\eta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~\approx</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
<td align="left">
  <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2
<math>~\ln\biggl(\frac{r_1}{r_2} \biggr) \, ,</math>
+ 2\Delta(\delta) \biggl( \frac{r}{a} \biggr) \cos\phi
+\cancelto{0}{\Delta^2(\delta)} \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
And differentiating both sides of the expression with respect to <math>~r/a</math> gives,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~0 </math>
<math>~\cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~\approx</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~2\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr) + 2\Delta(\delta) \cos\phi</math>
<math>~\frac{(r_1^2 + r_2^2 - 4R^2)}{2r_1 r_2} \, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
 
</div>
<font color="red">'''COMMENT by Tohline'''</font> (15 August 2018):  I'm not sure that this is leading where I had hoped.  I am gearing up to draw a comparison between these last expressions and eq. (74) in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Ostriker's (1964) Paper II].
where,
 
<!--
===First Attempt===
Based on my (initial, casual) study of this paper, Figure 1 appears to illustrate a configuration in which the density is constant on various nested toroidal surfaces such that, working from the highest density location, outward, the location <math>~R</math> of the center of each torus shifts to larger and larger values.  It would therefore appear as though Ostriker's <math>~R</math> must be a function of the density-marker.  Using the subscript, <math>~i</math>, as the marker, we represent the density as a function, <math>~\rho(r_i)</math>, and recognize that <math>~R = R(r_i)</math> as well.
 
We recognize that the radial coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, in a toroidal-coordinate system behaves in this same manner.  Each <math>~\eta = ~ \mathrm{const}</math> surface is a circle of radius, <math>~d</math>, whose center is located a distance from the symmetry axis, <math>~R_0 = \sqrt{a^2 + d^2}</math>.  And, holding <math>~a</math> fixed, the accompanying definition is,
<div align="center">
<div align="center">
<math>~\cosh\eta = \frac{R_0}{d} =\biggl[ 1 + \frac{a^2}{d^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} = \frac{1}{\delta}\biggl[1 + \delta^{2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
</div>
where, <math>~\delta \equiv d/a</math>.  Comparing Ostriker's notation with a [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalGreenFunction#Basic_Elements_of_a_Toroidal_Coordinate_System|toroidal coordinate system]] whose ''anchor ring'' is at the meridional-plane location <math>~(\varpi,z) = (a,0)</math>, we find that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~R+r\cos\phi</math>
<math>~r_1^2 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~\equiv</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{a\sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and,
<math>~[\varpi + R]^2 + z^2 \, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
<td align="center">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
 
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~r\sin\phi</math>
<math>~r_2^2 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~\equiv</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{a\sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, .</math>
<math>~[\varpi - R]^2 + z^2 \, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
It appears that we can make the following direct associations: &nbsp; <math>~R_0  \leftrightarrow R_\mathrm{JPO}</math> and <math>~d \leftrightarrow r_\mathrm{JPO}</math>.  Hence, we have,
</div>
and <math>~\theta</math> has the same sign as <math>~z</math>.  Now, given that Ostriker's <math>~(r,\phi)</math> coordinates are related to cylindrical coordinates via the expressions,
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{d\sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi}</math>
<math>~\varpi </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 586: Line 545:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{\sin\theta}{\sinh\eta}</math>
<math>~R+r\cos\phi \, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
  <td align="center">&nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp;
 
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\sin\theta</math>
<math>~z</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 598: Line 555:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{d \sinh\eta \sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \, .</math>
<math>~r\sin\phi \, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
And,
we can write,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~R_0+d\cos\phi</math>
<math>~r_1^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 613: Line 570:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{a\sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} </math>
<math>~[2R + r\cos\phi]^2 + r^2\sin^2\phi </math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 619: Line 576:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\cos\theta</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 625: Line 582:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\cosh\eta - \frac{a\sinh\eta}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \, .</math>
<math>~4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2 \, ;</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
Putting these together we find that,
and,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~1 = \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta</math>
<math>~r_2^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 640: Line 597:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~r^2 \, .</math>
\biggl[\frac{d \sinh\eta \sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi}  \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \cosh\eta - \frac{a\sinh\eta}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \biggr]^2
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Hence,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ (R_0 + d\cos\phi)^2</math>
<math>~\cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 655: Line 614:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
[d \sinh\eta \sin\phi]^2 + [ \cosh\eta(R_0 + d\cos\phi) - a\sinh\eta]^2
\frac{1}{2r[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ 4Rr\cos\phi + 2r^2  \biggr]  
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
Line 662: Line 621:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl[ \frac{R_0}{d} + \cos\phi\biggr]^2</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 669: Line 628:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
[\sinh\eta \sin\phi]^2 + \biggl[ \cosh\eta \biggl(\frac{R_0}{d} + \cos\phi \biggr) - \frac{a}{d} \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
\frac{2R\cos\phi + r }{[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}} \, ;
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
-->
==Gravitational Potential==


===Potential of a Thin Hoop===
In &sect;IIb of his [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II],  Ostriker (1964) derives an expression for the gravitational potential of a torus in the ''Thin Ring'' approximation, beginning specifically with the [[User:Tohline/SR/PoissonOrigin#Step_1|integral form of the Poisson equation]] that is widely referred to in the astrophysics community as an expression for the,
<div align="center" id="GravitationalPotential">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center" colspan="3">
   <td align="right">
<font color="#770000">'''Scalar Gravitational Potential'''</font>
<math>~e^{2\eta}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{ 4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2 }{r^2}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~ \Phi(\vec{x})</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~\equiv</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -G \iiint \frac{\rho(\vec{x}^{~'})}{|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|} d^3x^' \, .</math>
<math>~
4\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr)^2 + 4\biggl(\frac{R}{r}\biggr)\cos\phi + 1 \, .  
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</table>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
 
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#BT87|<font color="red">BT87</font>]]</b>], p. 31, Eq. (2-3)<br />
===Summary===
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|<font color="red">EFE</font>]]</b>], &sect;10, p. 17, Eq. (11)<br />
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#T78|<font color="red">T78</font>]]</b>], &sect;4.2, p. 77, Eq. (12)
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


(Note: &nbsp; Consistent with the usage favored by his doctoral dissertation advisor in [<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|<font color="red">EFE</font>]]</b>], throughout his collection of 1964 papers Ostriker adopts a ''different sign convention'' as well as a different variable name to represent the gravitational potential.)  Employing [[#Coordinate_System|Ostriker's adopted coordinate system]], and recognizing that, <font color="darkgreen">"the distance between the point of integration <math>~(0,0,\theta^')</math> and the point of observation <math>~(r,\phi,0)</math>"</font> is,
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" align="center" width="85%">
<tr>
  <td align="left" width="50%">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|</math>
<math>~\frac{r^2}{R^2} </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{(\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta)^2 + \sin^2\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^2} \biggr] </math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center" colspan="3">
   <td align="right">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (21)
<math>~\cot\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\cot\theta  + \frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta }{\sin\theta} </math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>


this expression for the gravitational potential becomes,
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~ \Phi(r,\phi)</math>
<math>~e^{2\eta}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left" colspan="2">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -G \int \int \rho(r^',\phi^') r^' (R+r^'\cos\phi^')  dr^' d\phi^' \int \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} }  </math>
<math>~
4\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr)^2 + 4\biggl(\frac{R}{r}\biggr)\cos\phi + 1  
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 745: Line 712:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 751: Line 718:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -G (2\sigma R) \int_0^\pi \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} } </math>
<math>~
\frac{2R\cos\phi + r }{[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}}  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
   </td>
   </td>
  <td align="right" rowspan="4">[[File:WolframAlphaResult.png|300px|WolframAlpha result]]</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
===Second Attempt===
====Single Offset Circle====
Now an [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Off-center_Circle|off-center circle]] whose major and minor radii are, respectively, <math>~(\varpi_0,d)</math>, will be described by the expression,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~d^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 764: Line 742:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \int_0^\pi \frac{\tfrac{1}{2}d\theta^'}{[1 +n^2\sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^')]^{1 / 2} }  </math>
<math>~
(\varpi - \varpi_0)^2 + z^2 \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>


<tr>
<span id="Dsquared">where both <math>~d</math> and <math>~\varpi_0</math> are held constant while mapping out the variation of <math>~z</math> with <math>~\varpi</math>.  If we acknowledge that, in general, <math>~\varpi_0 \ne R_\mathrm{JPO}</math>, then we know how <math>~r</math> varies with <math>~\phi</math> via the relation,</span>
   <td align="right">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
&nbsp;
 
<tr>
   <td align="right">
<math>~d^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 776: Line 760:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}  \biggr]  \, ,</math>
<math>~
  </td>
\biggl[ R_\mathrm{JPO} + r\cos\phi - \varpi_0\biggr]^2 + r^2\sin^2\phi
</tr>
</math>
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (22)
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
where,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~n^2 \equiv \frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2}</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp;
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~k \equiv \biggl[ \frac{n^2}{n^2+1} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>
<math>~
  </td>
(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2
</tr>
+ 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr]
<tr>
+r^2
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
</math>
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (23)
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" align="center" width="85%"><tr><td align="left">
Mapping back to cylindrical coordinates, for the moment, we recognize that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~r^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ 0 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 818: Line 790:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2</math>
<math>~
r^2 + 2r\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] + \biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 824: Line 798:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ r </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 830: Line 804:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}</math>
<math>~
\frac{1}{2}\biggl\{
- 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm
\sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr] }
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 836: Line 815:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2 + 1</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 842: Line 821:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{4R\varpi + (\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} = \frac{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} \, .</math>
<math>~
\frac{1}{2}\biggl\{
2\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm
\sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^2 - d^2\biggr] }
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Acknowledging as well that the mass of Ostriker's "thin hoop" is, <math>~M = 2\pi \sigma R</math>, his expression for the potential becomes,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi(\varpi,z)</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{r}{ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) }</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 857: Line 838:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{2G M}{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}} \biggr] \, ,</math>
<math>~
\cos\phi  \pm
\sqrt{ \cos^2\phi  - 1 + d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2} }
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
where,


<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~k</math>
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 872: Line 853:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>
<math>~
\cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>


After adopting the variable association, <math>~R \leftrightarrow a</math>, it is clear that Ostriker's derived expression is identical to the Key Equation that we have [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Thin_Ring_Approximation|identified elsewhere]] as providing the,
In order to align this expression with the terminology (and variable labels) that we use in the context of a toroidal coordinate system, we associate the radius of the ''anchor ring'' as <math>~R_\mathrm{JPO}\leftrightarrow a</math>, and we associate the major radius of each circular torus as <math>~\varpi_0 \leftrightarrow R_0</math>. We therefore have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="1"><font color="#770000">'''Gravitational Potential in the Thin Ring (TR) Approximation'''</font></td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">[[File:FlatColorContoursCropped.png|220px|Contours for Thin Ring Approximation]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">
{{ User:Tohline/Math/EQ TRApproximation }}
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
</td></tr></table>
 
===Series Expansion===
In the context of Ostriker's expression for the potential, we see that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^{-2} \equiv \biggl[ \frac{1}{1-k^2}\biggr]= n^2 + 1</math>
<math>~\frac{r}{ (R_0-a) }</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 905: Line 872:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
\frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2} + 1
\cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0-a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }  
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
Line 912: Line 879:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{r}{a}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 918: Line 885:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl( \frac{2R}{r}\biggr)^2 \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr] \, .
<math>~\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr)
\biggl[ \cos\phi  \pm \sqrt{ \biggl(\frac{d}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } \biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
Hence, in the vicinity of the ring where <math>~r/R \ll 1</math> and <math>~k'</math> is a "small parameter," we can draw on the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/PowerSeriesExpressions#Binomial|binomial theorem]] and write,  
 
and, the coordinates of points along the surface of the torus <math>~(\varpi,z)</math> are provided by the expressions,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^m</math>
<math>~\varpi</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 934: Line 903:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{-m / 2}
<math>~
a + (R_0 - a)\cos\phi \biggl[
\cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
\biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
Line 941: Line 913:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~z</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 947: Line 919:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 -\frac{m}{2} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr]
<math>~
+ \frac{1}{2}\biggl[ -\frac{m}{2}\biggl( -\frac{m}{2}-1\biggr) \biggr]\biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^2
(R_0 - a)\sin\phi \biggl[
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\}
\cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi }
\biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
We have tested this pair of expressions using Excel and have successfully demonstrated that they do, indeed, trace out a circle of radius, <math>~d</math>, whose center is offset from the symmetry axis by a distance, <math>~R_0</math>.
====Set of Circles Whose Offset Increases With Circle Diameter====
A set of nested off-center circles will be described by allowing <math>~R_0 = R_0(d)</math>, that is, by having the off-set distance, <math>~R_0</math>, vary with the size of the circle, <math>~d</math>.  The above prescription for the normalized "coordinate" <math>~r/a</math> will work for ''any'' prescribed <math>~R_0(d)</math> function.
But a ''particular'' <math>~R_0(d)</math> function is demanded if we want this derived prescription to represent the behavior of toroidal coordinates.  In a [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Introducing_Toroidal_Coordinates|toroidal coordinate system]], a specification of the value of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, automatically dictates the ratio <math>~R_0/d</math>; but we are not at liberty to separately define the value of the ''difference,'' <math>~(R_0 - d)</math>.  Instead, we must enforce the toroidal-coordinate relation,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~a^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 962: Line 944:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 - \biggl(\frac{m}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{m}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2  
<math>~R_0^2 - d^2</math>
+ \frac{m}{4}\biggl( \frac{m}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi  \biggr]^2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Note, in particular, that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{1}{k'}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{R_0}{a}-1</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 980: Line 956:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~2\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr) \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{1}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2
<math>~\biggl[ 1 + \delta^2\biggr]^{1 / 2} -1 \, ,</math>
- \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi  \biggr]^2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
where we have adopted the shorthand notation, <math>~\delta\equiv d/a</math>.  Hence,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 995: Line 971:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{2R}{r} \biggl\{ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi
<math>~[ \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 ]
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, ;
\{ \cos\phi \pm [\delta^2 ( \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 )^{-2}-\sin^2\phi ]^{1 / 2} \}
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>


<tr>
Now, in a [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Introducing_Toroidal_Coordinates|toroidal coordinate system]], there is a similar "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, whose value varies with distance from the ''anchor ring'' of radius, <math>~a</math>.  Its value depends on both <math>~R_0</math> and <math>~d</math> via the relation,
   <td align="right">
<div align="center">
<math>~k'</math>
<math>~R_0 = d\cosh\eta \, .</math>
</div>
This means that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
   <td align="right">
<math>~\cosh\eta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,009: Line 993:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{1}{\delta}\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}\biggr) = \frac{\sqrt{1+\delta^2}}{\delta} </math>
\frac{r}{2R} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
\, ;
</math> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and,
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,020: Line 999:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^2</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 \cosh^2\eta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,026: Line 1,005:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~1 + \delta^2</math>
\frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^2}  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (4\cos^2\phi - 1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
\, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Next we recognize that the following series expansion for the ''complete elliptic integral of the first kind'' &#8212; written in terms of the small parameter, <math>~k'</math> &#8212; appears, for example, as eq. (8.113.3) in the Fourth Edition of [http://www.mathtable.com/gr/ Gradshteyn &amp; Ryzhik (1965)]:
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~K(k)</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,046: Line 1,017:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{1}{\cosh^2\eta - 1} = \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} </math>
\ln \frac{4}{k^'}  + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} \biggr){k'}^2
+ \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} \biggr){k'}^4
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,055: Line 1,023:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \sqrt{1  + \delta^2} </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp;
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} \biggr]^{1 / 2}
+ \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} - \frac{2}{5\cdot 6} \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots
= \coth\eta
</math>
\, ,</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
which also means that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,075: Line 1,046:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~[ \coth\eta -1 ]
\ln \frac{4}{k^'}  + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^2
\biggl\{ \cos\phi  \pm \biggl[ ( \cosh\eta -\sinh\eta )^{-2} -\sin^2\phi \biggr]^{1 / 2}
+ \frac{3^2}{2^6} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{7}{6} \biggr){k'}^4
\biggr\} \, .
+ \frac{5^2}{2^8} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{37}{30}  \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
[This series expansion &#8212; up through the term <math>~\mathcal{O}(k'^4)</math> &#8212; appears as equation 24 in Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II].] Put together, then, Ostriker's expression for the gravitational potential in the ''thin ring'' approximation becomes,
 
====Case of Small Offset====
 
Another way to look at this issue is to go [[#Dsquared|back to the expression]],
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
<math>~d^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
  <td align="left">
<td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  k' K(k)  </math>
<math>~
(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2
+ 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr]
+r^2
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,100: Line 1,077:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \delta^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
  <td align="left">
<td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r} \biggl[
+ \frac{r}{a}\biggl[ 2\biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)\biggr] \cos\phi
k' \ln \frac{4}{k^'} + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^3
+ \biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)^2
+  \cdots
\biggr]
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
and assume that, while still dependent on the radial coordinate, the dimensionless offset is small.  That is, assume that,
<div align="center">
<math>~\Delta(\delta) \equiv 1 - \frac{R_0(\delta)}{a} \ll 1 \, .</math>
</div>
In this case, we can write,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~ \delta^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~\approx</math>
   </td>
   </td>
  <td align="left">
<td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] - \frac{1}{4} k'^3 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
+ 2\Delta(\delta) \biggl( \frac{r}{a} \biggr) \cos\phi
\biggr\}
+\cancelto{0}{\Delta^2(\delta)} \, .
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
And differentiating both sides of the expression with respect to <math>~r/a</math> gives,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~0 </math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~\approx</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~2\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr) + 2\Delta(\delta) \cos\phi</math>
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{3} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{3}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2  
+ \frac{3}{4}\biggl( \frac{3}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi \biggr)^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr]
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<font color="red">'''COMMENT by Tohline'''</font> (15 August 2018):  I'm not sure that this is leading where I had hoped.  I am gearing up to draw a comparison between these last expressions and eq. (74) in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Ostriker's (1964) Paper II].
<!--
===First Attempt===
Based on my (initial, casual) study of this paper, Figure 1 appears to illustrate a configuration in which the density is constant on various nested toroidal surfaces such that, working from the highest density location, outward, the location <math>~R</math> of the center of each torus shifts to larger and larger values.  It would therefore appear as though Ostriker's <math>~R</math> must be a function of the density-marker.  Using the subscript, <math>~i</math>, as the marker, we represent the density as a function, <math>~\rho(r_i)</math>, and recognize that <math>~R = R(r_i)</math> as well.
We recognize that the radial coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, in a toroidal-coordinate system behaves in this same manner.  Each <math>~\eta = ~ \mathrm{const}</math> surface is a circle of radius, <math>~d</math>, whose center is located a distance from the symmetry axis, <math>~R_0 = \sqrt{a^2 + d^2}</math>.  And, holding <math>~a</math> fixed, the accompanying definition is,
<div align="center">
<math>~\cosh\eta = \frac{R_0}{d} =\biggl[ 1 + \frac{a^2}{d^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} = \frac{1}{\delta}\biggl[1 + \delta^{2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
</div>
where, <math>~\delta \equiv d/a</math>.  Comparing Ostriker's notation with a [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalGreenFunction#Basic_Elements_of_a_Toroidal_Coordinate_System|toroidal coordinate system]] whose ''anchor ring'' is at the meridional-plane location <math>~(\varpi,z) = (a,0)</math>, we find that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~R+r\cos\phi</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,156: Line 1,150:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~\frac{a\sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, ,</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and,
-\frac{2GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r}
   </td>
- \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^2}{R^2}\biggr) \biggr]
</tr>
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
\biggr\}\, ,
</math>
   </td>
</tr>
</table>
where, again, we have recognized that the mass of the thin hoop is, <math>~M = 2\pi\sigma R</math>.  Now,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~ k' \biggl[ 1 + \frac{k'^2}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r}</math>
<math>~r\sin\phi</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,176: Line 1,162:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{a\sin\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} \, .</math>
\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{1 + 
\frac{1}{2^4} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} - \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^3\cos\phi
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^4}{R^4} \biggr) \biggr]
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
It appears that we can make the following direct associations: &nbsp; <math>~R_0  \leftrightarrow R_\mathrm{JPO}</math> and <math>~d \leftrightarrow r_\mathrm{JPO}</math>.  Hence, we have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\frac{d\sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,195: Line 1,177:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{\sin\theta}{\sinh\eta}</math>
\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
   </td>
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{\frac{1}{2} + 
\frac{1}{2^5} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) 
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\sin\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,214: Line 1,189:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{d \sinh\eta \sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \, .</math>
\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] \, ;
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
and, given that,
And,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\ln[a (1+x)] = \ln a + \ln(1+x)</math>
<math>~R_0+d\cos\phi</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,233: Line 1,204:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\frac{a\sinh\eta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)} </math>
\ln a + x - \tfrac{1}{2}x^2 + \tfrac{1}{3}x^3 - \tfrac{1}{4}x^4 + \cdots
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
we also have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\ln \frac{4}{k'}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\cos\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,251: Line 1,216:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~\cosh\eta - \frac{a\sinh\eta}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \, .</math>
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \ln\biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Putting these together we find that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~1 = \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,268: Line 1,232:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
\biggl[\frac{d \sinh\eta \sin\phi}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \cosh\eta - \frac{a\sinh\eta}{R_0+d\cos\phi} \biggr]^2
+ \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2} \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^2
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
Line 1,277: Line 1,239:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ (R_0 + d\cos\phi)^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp;
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
+ \frac{1}{3}\biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^3 + \cdots
[d \sinh\eta \sin\phi]^2 + [ \cosh\eta(R_0 + d\cos\phi) - a\sinh\eta]^2
</math>
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
Line 1,291: Line 1,253:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl[ \frac{R_0}{d} + \cos\phi\biggr]^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,298: Line 1,260:
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
[\sinh\eta \sin\phi]^2 + \biggl[ \cosh\eta \biggl(\frac{R_0}{d} + \cos\phi \biggr) - \frac{a}{d} \sinh\eta \biggr]^2
+ \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi \biggr]
</math>
- \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr)
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
-->
==Gravitational Potential==


===Potential of a Thin Hoop===
In &sect;IIb of his [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II],  Ostriker (1964) derives an expression for the gravitational potential of a torus in the ''Thin Ring'' approximation, beginning specifically with the [[User:Tohline/SR/PoissonOrigin#Step_1|integral form of the Poisson equation]] that is widely referred to in the astrophysics community as an expression for the,
<div align="center" id="GravitationalPotential">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
<font color="#770000">'''Scalar Gravitational Potential'''</font>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~ \Phi(\vec{x})</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~\equiv</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~
<math>~ -G \iiint \frac{\rho(\vec{x}^{~'})}{|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|} d^3x^' \, .</math>
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#BT87|<font color="red">BT87</font>]]</b>], p. 31, Eq. (2-3)<br />
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|<font color="red">EFE</font>]]</b>], &sect;10, p. 17, Eq. (11)<br />
[<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#T78|<font color="red">T78</font>]]</b>], &sect;4.2, p. 77, Eq. (12)
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


So our series expansion for Ostriker's "thin ring" potential becomes,
(Note: &nbsp; Consistent with the usage favored by his doctoral dissertation advisor in [<b>[[User:Tohline/Appendix/References#EFE|<font color="red">EFE</font>]]</b>], throughout his collection of 1964 papers Ostriker adopts a ''different sign convention'' as well as a different variable name to represent the gravitational potential.)  Employing [[#Coordinate_System|Ostriker's adopted coordinate system]], and recognizing that, <font color="darkgreen">"the distance between the point of integration <math>~(0,0,\theta^')</math> and the point of observation <math>~(r,\phi,0)</math>"</font> is,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
<math>~|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,332: Line 1,310:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi
  </td>
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
</tr>
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
<tr>
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} 
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (21)
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>


this expression for the gravitational potential becomes,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~ \Phi(r,\phi)</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left" colspan="2">
<math>~  
<math>~ -G \int \int \rho(r^',\phi^') r^' (R+r^'\cos\phi^') dr^' d\phi^' \int \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} } </math>
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi   
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,364: Line 1,339:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp;
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~ -G (2\sigma R) \int_0^\pi \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} } </math>
+ \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
  <td align="right" rowspan="4">[[File:WolframAlphaResult.png|300px|WolframAlpha result]]</td>
</tr>
</tr>


Line 1,380: Line 1,352:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp;
<math>~=</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \int_0^\pi \frac{\tfrac{1}{2}d\theta^'}{[1 +n^2\sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^')]^{1 / 2} } </math>
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,399: Line 1,367:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} \biggr\, ,</math>
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
  </td>
+ \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 6 \cos^2\phi  - 1)
</tr>
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
<tr>
</math>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (22)
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
where,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">


<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~n^2 \equiv \frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2}</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
&nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~k \equiv \biggl[ \frac{n^2}{n^2+1} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>
+ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi )
- \frac{1}{2^2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
\biggr\} \, .
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
Finally, dropping the explicit mention of all terms <math>~\mathcal{O}(r^3/R^3)</math> and smaller gives the series expansion formulation presented by Ostriker, namely,
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1070, Eq. (23)
  </td>
</tr>
</table>


<table border="1" cellpadding="10" align="center" width="85%"><tr><td align="left">
Mapping back to cylindrical coordinates, for the moment, we recognize that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
<math>~r^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
Line 1,436: Line 1,409:
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2</math>
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r}
- \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi
~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r}  ( 6 \cos^2\phi  - 1) + (1 - 8\cos^2\phi )
\biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\}
</math>
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
Line 1,447: Line 1,415:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="right">
   <td align="right">
&nbsp;
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2</math>
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="center">
   <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2 + 1</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{4R\varpi + (\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} = \frac{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} \, .</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
Acknowledging as well that the mass of Ostriker's "thin hoop" is, <math>~M = 2\pi \sigma R</math>, his expression for the potential becomes,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi(\varpi,z)</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{2G M}{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}}  \biggr] \, ,</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
where,
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~k</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl[ \frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
After adopting the variable association, <math>~R \leftrightarrow a</math>, it is clear that Ostriker's derived expression is identical to the Key Equation that we have [[User:Tohline/Apps/DysonWongTori#Thin_Ring_Approximation|identified elsewhere]] as providing the,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="1"><font color="#770000">'''Gravitational Potential in the Thin Ring (TR) Approximation'''</font></td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">[[File:FlatColorContoursCropped.png|220px|Contours for Thin Ring Approximation]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center">
{{ User:Tohline/Math/EQ TRApproximation }}
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
</td></tr></table>
 
===Series Expansion===
In the context of Ostriker's expression for the potential, we see that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^{-2} \equiv \biggl[ \frac{1}{1-k^2}\biggr]= n^2 + 1</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2} + 1
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\biggl( \frac{2R}{r}\biggr)^2 \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr] \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
Hence, in the vicinity of the ring where <math>~r/R \ll 1</math> and <math>~k'</math> is a "small parameter," we can draw on the [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/PowerSeriesExpressions#Binomial|binomial theorem]] and write,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^m</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{-m / 2}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 -\frac{m}{2} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr]
+ \frac{1}{2}\biggl[ -\frac{m}{2}\biggl( -\frac{m}{2}-1\biggr) \biggr]\biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 - \biggl(\frac{m}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{m}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2
+ \frac{m}{4}\biggl( \frac{m}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi  \biggr]^2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
Note, in particular, that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{1}{k'}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~2\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr) \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{1}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2
- \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi  \biggr]^2
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~\frac{2R}{r} \biggl\{ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~k'</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{r}{2R} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
\, ;
</math> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and,
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~(k')^2</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^2}  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (4\cos^2\phi - 1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
\, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
Next we recognize that the following series expansion for the ''complete elliptic integral of the first kind'' &#8212; written in terms of the small parameter, <math>~k'</math> &#8212; appears, for example, as eq. (8.113.3) in the Fourth Edition of [http://www.mathtable.com/gr/ Gradshteyn &amp; Ryzhik (1965)]:
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~K(k)</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln \frac{4}{k^'}  + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} \biggr){k'}^2
+ \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} \biggr){k'}^4
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
+ \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} - \frac{2}{5\cdot 6} \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln \frac{4}{k^'}  + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^2
+ \frac{3^2}{2^6} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{7}{6} \biggr){k'}^4
+ \frac{5^2}{2^8} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{37}{30}  \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
[This series expansion &#8212; up through the term <math>~\mathcal{O}(k'^4)</math> &#8212; appears as equation 24 in Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II].]  Put together, then, Ostriker's expression for the gravitational potential in the ''thin ring'' approximation becomes,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  k' K(k)  </math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  \biggl[
k' \ln \frac{4}{k^'}  + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^3
+  \cdots
\biggr]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] - \frac{1}{4} k'^3 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{2GM}{\pi r}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{3} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{3}{2^3}\biggr)  \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2
+ \frac{3}{4}\biggl( \frac{3}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi  \biggr)^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr]
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{2GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r}
- \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^2}{R^2}\biggr) \biggr]
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr)
\biggr\}\, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
where, again, we have recognized that the mass of the thin hoop is, <math>~M = 2\pi\sigma R</math>.  Now,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~ k' \biggl[ 1 + \frac{k'^2}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{1 + 
\frac{1}{2^4} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} - \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^3\cos\phi
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^4}{R^4} \biggr) \biggr]
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 )
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{\frac{1}{2} + 
\frac{1}{2^5} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) 
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
and, given that,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\ln[a (1+x)] = \ln a + \ln(1+x)</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln a + x - \tfrac{1}{2}x^2 + \tfrac{1}{3}x^3 - \tfrac{1}{4}x^4 + \cdots
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
we also have,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\ln \frac{4}{k'}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \ln\biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2} \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^2
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
+ \frac{1}{3}\biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^3 + \cdots
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr)
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
\ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr)
+ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
So our series expansion for Ostriker's "thin ring" potential becomes,
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} 
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
+ \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi  -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2}
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} 
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
\biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi 
+ \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 6 \cos^2\phi  - 1)
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
+ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi )
- \frac{1}{2^2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi
- \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} 
+ \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr)
\biggr\} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
Finally, dropping the explicit mention of all terms <math>~\mathcal{O}(r^3/R^3)</math> and smaller gives the series expansion formulation presented by Ostriker, namely,
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r}
- \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi
~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r}  ( 6 \cos^2\phi  - 1) + (1 - 8\cos^2\phi )
\biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r}
- \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi
~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \biggl(2\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 3 \biggr) + \biggl( 3\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 4 \biggr)\cos 2\phi
\biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="3">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1071, Eq. (25)
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
===The Dimensionless Radial Coordinate, &xi;, and Smallness Parameter, &beta;===
 
As we have [[User:Tohline/SSC/Structure/Polytropes#Polytropic_Spheres|reviewed separately]], when researchers in the astrophysics community discuss the structure of ''spherical'' polytropes, the
<div align="center">
<span id="LaneEmdenEquation"><font color="#770000">'''Lane-Emden Equation'''</font></span>
<br />
{{User:Tohline/Math/EQ_SSLaneEmden01}}
</div>
invariably arises, as it is the governing 2<sup>nd</sup>-order ODE whose solution, <math>~\Theta_H(\xi)</math>, defines the internal structure of spherically symmetric equlibrium configurations.  Traditionally, as well, the dimensionless radial coordinate,
<div align="center">
<math>~\xi \equiv \frac{r}{a_n} \, ,</math>
</div>
is defined in terms of <math>~a_n</math>, which is a natural length scale of the (spherical) problem.  Equation (42) of Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II] provides the traditional definition of <math>~a_n</math>.  It is therefore not surprising that, even though Ostriker's set of 1964 papers deal largely with the equilibrium and stability of ''ring-like'' configurations, he adopts a similar definition for the dimensionless radial coordinate; specifically, eq. (5) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II] states that,
<div align="center">
<math>~\alpha \xi \equiv r \, .</math>
</div>
But, of course, in the context of Ostriker's presentation, <math>~r</math> is not a spherical radial coordinate but is, rather, as [[#Coordinate_System|defined above]]; and <math>~\alpha</math> is of the same order as the minor, cross-sectional radius of the torus.
 
[[File:CommentButton02.png|right|100px|Comment by J. E. Tohline on 17 August 2018:  There appears to be a typographical error in the definition of &beta; that is provided by equation (6) in &sect;IIa of Ostriker's ''Paper II''.  The published equation defines &beta; as the ratio of &alpha; to ''r'' rather than, as we have indicated here, as the ratio of &alpha; to ''R''.  Equation (77) on p. 1078 of Paper II confirms this suspicion.]]In eq. (6) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], Ostriker also defines the dimensionless parameter,
<div align="center">
<math>~\beta \equiv \frac{\alpha}{R} \, ,</math>
</div>
where <math>~R</math> is associated with the major radius of the ring.  Then he states that, <font color="darkgreen">"&hellip; since <math>~\alpha \ll R</math> (by hypothesis), we may be sure that <math>~\beta \ll 1</math> &hellip;"</font>
 
With the definitions of these two dimensionless parameters in hand &#8212; and, more specifically, after appreciating that,
<div align="center">
<math>~\frac{R}{r} = \frac{1}{\beta\xi}  ~~~\Rightarrow ~~~ \ln\frac{8R}{r} = \biggl[ \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - \ln\xi \biggr] </math>
</div>
&#8212; we can follow Ostriker's lead and rewrite his derived expression for <math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}</math> in the form,
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{ \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - \ln\xi
+ \frac{\beta\xi}{2}\biggl[  - \biggl( \ln\frac{8}{\beta} -1 \biggr) + \ln\xi  \biggr]\cos\phi
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
   </td>
   </td>
   <td align="left">
   <td align="left">
<math>~  
<math>~  
-\frac{GM}{\pi R}  \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r}
+~ \frac{\beta^2\xi^2}{2^4} \biggl[ \biggl(2 \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - 3 - 2\ln\xi \biggr) + \biggl( 3 \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - 4 - 3\ln\xi \biggr)\cos 2\phi
- \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi
~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \biggl(2\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 3 \biggr) + \biggl( 3\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 4 \biggr)\cos 2\phi
\biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} \, .
\biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} \, .
</math>
</math>
Line 1,463: Line 2,121:
<tr>
<tr>
   <td align="center" colspan="3">
   <td align="center" colspan="3">
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1071, Eq. (25)
Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], p. 1071, Eq. (26)
   </td>
   </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
===The Dimensionless Radial Coordinate, &xi;, and Smallness Parameter, &beta;===
As we have [[User:Tohline/SSC/Structure/Polytropes#Polytropic_Spheres|reviewed separately]], when researchers in the astrophysics community discuss the structure of ''spherical'' polytropes, the
<div align="center">
<span id="LaneEmdenEquation"><font color="#770000">'''Lane-Emden Equation'''</font></span>
<br />
{{User:Tohline/Math/EQ_SSLaneEmden01}}
</div>
invariably arises, as it is the governing 2<sup>nd</sup>-order ODE whose solution, <math>~\Theta_H(\xi)</math>, defines the internal structure of spherically symmetric equlibrium configurations.  Traditionally, as well, the dimensionless radial coordinate,
<div align="center">
<math>~\xi \equiv \frac{r}{a_n} \, ,</math>
</div>
is defined in terms of <math>~a_n</math>, which is a natural length scale of the (spherical) problem.  Equation (42) of Ostriker's (1964) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II] provides the traditional definition of <math>~a_n</math>.  It is therefore not surprising that, even though Ostriker's set of 1964 papers deal largely with the equilibrium and stability of ''ring-like'' configurations, he adopts a similar definition for the dimensionless radial coordinate; specifically, eq. (5) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II] states that,
<div align="center">
<math>~\alpha \xi \equiv r \, .</math>
</div>
But, of course, in the context of Ostriker's presentation, <math>~r</math> is not a spherical radial coordinate but is, rather, as [[#Coordinate_System|defined above]]; and <math>~\alpha</math> is of the same order as the minor, cross-sectional radius of the torus.
[[File:CommentButton02.png|right|100px|Comment by J. E. Tohline on 17 August 2018:  There appears to be a typographical error in the definition of &beta; that is provided by equation (6) in &sect;IIa of Ostriker's ''Paper II''.  The published equation defines &beta; as the ratio of &alpha; to ''r'' rather than, as we have indicated here, as the ratio of &alpha; to ''R''.]]In eq. (6) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...140.1067O Paper II], Ostriker also defines the dimensionless parameter,
<div align="center">
<math>~\beta \equiv \frac{\alpha}{R} \, ,</math>
</div>
where <math>~R</math> is associated with the major radius of the ring.  Then he states that, <font color="darkgreen">"&hellip; since <math>~\alpha \ll R</math> (by hypothesis), we may be sure that <math>~\beta \ll 1</math> &hellip;"</font>


=See Also=
=See Also=

Latest revision as of 16:46, 20 August 2018

Polytropic & Isothermal Tori

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface
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Overview

Here we will focus on the analysis of the structure self-gravitating tori that are composed of compressible — specifically, polytropic and isothermal — fluids as presented in a series of papers by Jeremiah P. Ostriker:

I believe that much, if not all, of this material was drawn from Ostriker's doctoral dissertation research at the University of Chicago (and Yerkes Observatory) under the guidance of S. Chandrasekhar.


Coordinate System

Basics

In §IIa of Paper II, Ostriker defines a set of orthogonal coordinates, <math>~(r,\phi,\theta)</math>, that is related to the traditional Cartesian coordinate system, <math>~(x,y,z)</math>, via the relations,

<math>~x</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(R+r\cos\phi)\cos\theta \, ,</math>

<math>~y</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(R+r\cos\phi)\sin\theta \, ,</math>

<math>~z</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~r\sin\phi \, .</math>

As Ostriker states, "The coordinate <math>~r</math> is the distance from a reference circle of radius <math>~R</math> (later chosen to be the major radius of the ring) …" The angle, <math>~\theta</math>, plays the role of the azimuthal angle, as is familiar in both cylindrical and spherical coordinates, while, here, <math>~\phi</math> is a meridional-plane polar angle measured counterclockwise from the equatorial plane. For axisymmetric systems, there will be no dependence on the azimuthal angle, so the pair of relevant coordinates in the meridional plane are,

<math>~\varpi \equiv (x^2+y^2)^{1 / 2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~R+r\cos\phi \, ,</math>

    and,    

<math>~z</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~r\sin\phi \, .</math>

Figure 1 extracted without modification from p. 1077 of J. P. Ostriker (1964; Paper II)

"The Equilibrium of Self-Gravitating Rings"

ApJ, vol. 140, pp. 1067-1087 © American Astronomical Society

Figure 1 from Ostriker (1964) Paper II

For later reference, we note that (see eq. 3 of Paper II) the corresponding line element is,

<math>~\delta s^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \delta r^2 + r^2 \delta\phi^2 + (R+r\cos\phi)^2\delta\theta^2 \, , </math>

which means that the relevant scale factors for the adopted coordinate system, <math>~(r,\phi,\theta)</math>, are

<math>~h_1 = 1 \, ,</math>       <math>~h_2 = r \, ,</math>       <math>~h_3 = (R+r\cos\phi) \, ,</math>

and the relevant differential volume element is,

<math>~d^3 x</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~h_1 h_2 h_3 dr d\phi d\theta = r(R+r\cos\phi) dr d\phi d\theta\, . </math>

Relationship to Toroidal Coordinate

Referring back to our separate discussion of the basic elements of a toroidal coordinate system, we know that, the meridional-plane toroidal coordinates <math>~(\eta,\theta)</math> are related to traditional meridional-plane cylindrical coordinate pair <math>~(\varpi,z)</math> via the expressions,

<math>~\frac{\varpi}{R}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \, ,</math>

      and,      

<math>~\frac{z}{R}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \, ,</math>

assuming that the cylindrical-coordinate location of the anchor ring is <math>~(\varpi,z) = (R,0)</math>. Let's determine how to transform between these two sets of coordinate pairs.

Independent Exploration

First, eliminating reference to Ostriker's "polar angle" <math>~\phi</math>, we see that,

<math>~\frac{r^2}{R^2} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R} - 1 \biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{z}{R}\biggr)^2</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{\sinh\eta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} - 1 \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{\sin\theta}{\cosh\eta - \cos\theta} \biggr]^2</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{(\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta)^2 + \sin^2\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^2} \biggr] \, .</math>

Then, eliminating reference to Ostriker's radial coordinate <math>~r</math>, we find,

<math>~\cot\phi</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\varpi/R - 1}{z/R}</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}</math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\cot\theta + \frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta }{\sin\theta} \, .</math>

Now let's try to derive the alternate transformation. We'll start by eliminating the "polar angle" in toroidal coordinates.

<math>~\cosh\eta - \cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R}</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\cosh\eta - \frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R} \, .</math>

The same relation also implies that,

<math>~\frac{z}{R}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr) \frac{\sin\theta}{\sinh\eta}</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \sin\theta </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{z}{R}\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sinh\eta \, .</math>

Together, then, we have,

<math>~1 = \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{z}{R}\biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \cosh\eta - \frac{\sinh\eta}{\varpi/R} \biggr]^2 </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \biggl[ \frac{z}{R} \cdot \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi}{R}\cdot \cosh\eta - \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl( \frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^{2} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{z}{R} \cdot \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{\varpi}{R}\cdot \cosh\eta - \sinh\eta \biggr]^2 \, . </math>

Alternatively, in an attempt to eliminate <math>~\eta</math>, we have,

<math>~\sinh\eta </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \sin\theta </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cosh\eta = \biggl[ 1 + \sinh^2\eta\biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ 1 + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-2} \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

But, also,

<math>~\cosh\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl( \frac{z}{R} \biggr)^{-1} \sin\theta + \cos\theta</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta \biggr]^{1 / 2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\sin\theta + \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr) \cos\theta</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\theta </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\sin^2\theta + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta + \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^2 \cos^2\theta</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggl[1-\cos^2\theta \biggr] </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\sin^2\theta\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 \biggr] + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~0 </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\sin^2\theta\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] + 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)\sin\theta \cos\theta </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ - 2\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr) \cot\theta </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \cot\theta </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~- \frac{1}{2}\biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{-1} \biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\varpi}{R}\biggr)^2 - \biggl( \frac{z}{R}\biggr)^{2}\biggr] \, .</math>

Now that I think about it, this is all a bit silly because from the basic elements of a toroidal coordinate system we already know how to shift from cylindrical to toroidal coordinates.

Back to Basics

Mapping the other direction [see equations 2.13 - 2.15 of Wong (1973) ], we have,

<math>~\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\ln\biggl(\frac{r_1}{r_2} \biggr) \, ,</math>

<math>~\cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{(r_1^2 + r_2^2 - 4R^2)}{2r_1 r_2} \, ,</math>

where,

<math>~r_1^2 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~[\varpi + R]^2 + z^2 \, ,</math>

      and      

<math>~r_2^2 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~[\varpi - R]^2 + z^2 \, ,</math>

and <math>~\theta</math> has the same sign as <math>~z</math>. Now, given that Ostriker's <math>~(r,\phi)</math> coordinates are related to cylindrical coordinates via the expressions,

<math>~\varpi </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~R+r\cos\phi \, ,</math>

    and    

<math>~z</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~r\sin\phi \, ,</math>

we can write,

<math>~r_1^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~[2R + r\cos\phi]^2 + r^2\sin^2\phi </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2 \, ;</math>

and,

<math>~r_2^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~r^2 \, .</math>

Hence,

<math>~\cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2r[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ 4Rr\cos\phi + 2r^2 \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{2R\cos\phi + r }{[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}} \, ; </math>

<math>~e^{2\eta}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{ 4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2 }{r^2} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ 4\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr)^2 + 4\biggl(\frac{R}{r}\biggr)\cos\phi + 1 \, . </math>

Summary

<math>~\frac{r^2}{R^2} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{(\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta + \cos\theta)^2 + \sin^2\theta}{(\cosh\eta - \cos\theta)^2} \biggr] </math>

<math>~\cot\phi</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\cot\theta + \frac{\sinh\eta - \cosh\eta }{\sin\theta} </math>

<math>~e^{2\eta}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ 4\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr)^2 + 4\biggl(\frac{R}{r}\biggr)\cos\phi + 1 </math>

<math>~\cos\theta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{2R\cos\phi + r }{[4R^2 + 4Rr\cos\phi + r^2]^{1 / 2}} </math>

Second Attempt

Single Offset Circle

Now an off-center circle whose major and minor radii are, respectively, <math>~(\varpi_0,d)</math>, will be described by the expression,

<math>~d^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (\varpi - \varpi_0)^2 + z^2 \, . </math>

where both <math>~d</math> and <math>~\varpi_0</math> are held constant while mapping out the variation of <math>~z</math> with <math>~\varpi</math>. If we acknowledge that, in general, <math>~\varpi_0 \ne R_\mathrm{JPO}</math>, then we know how <math>~r</math> varies with <math>~\phi</math> via the relation,

<math>~d^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ R_\mathrm{JPO} + r\cos\phi - \varpi_0\biggr]^2 + r^2\sin^2\phi </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 + 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr] +r^2 </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ 0 </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ r^2 + 2r\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] + \biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr] </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ r </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2}\biggl\{ - 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm \sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 - d^2\biggr] } \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2}\biggl\{ 2\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr] \pm \sqrt{ 4\biggl[ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) \cos\phi \biggr]^2 - 4\biggl[(\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^2 - d^2\biggr] } \biggr\} </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{r}{ (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO}) }</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ \cos^2\phi - 1 + d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2} } </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (\varpi_0 - R_\mathrm{JPO})^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } </math>

In order to align this expression with the terminology (and variable labels) that we use in the context of a toroidal coordinate system, we associate the radius of the anchor ring as <math>~R_\mathrm{JPO}\leftrightarrow a</math>, and we associate the major radius of each circular torus as <math>~\varpi_0 \leftrightarrow R_0</math>. We therefore have,

<math>~\frac{r}{ (R_0-a) }</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0-a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{r}{a}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr) \biggl[ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ \biggl(\frac{d}{a}\biggr)^2 \biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}-1 \biggr)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } \biggr] </math>

and, the coordinates of points along the surface of the torus <math>~(\varpi,z)</math> are provided by the expressions,

<math>~\varpi</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ a + (R_0 - a)\cos\phi \biggl[ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } \biggr] </math>

<math>~z</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (R_0 - a)\sin\phi \biggl[ \cos\phi \pm \sqrt{ d^2 (R_0 - a)^{-2}-\sin^2\phi } \biggr] </math>

We have tested this pair of expressions using Excel and have successfully demonstrated that they do, indeed, trace out a circle of radius, <math>~d</math>, whose center is offset from the symmetry axis by a distance, <math>~R_0</math>.

Set of Circles Whose Offset Increases With Circle Diameter

A set of nested off-center circles will be described by allowing <math>~R_0 = R_0(d)</math>, that is, by having the off-set distance, <math>~R_0</math>, vary with the size of the circle, <math>~d</math>. The above prescription for the normalized "coordinate" <math>~r/a</math> will work for any prescribed <math>~R_0(d)</math> function.

But a particular <math>~R_0(d)</math> function is demanded if we want this derived prescription to represent the behavior of toroidal coordinates. In a toroidal coordinate system, a specification of the value of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, automatically dictates the ratio <math>~R_0/d</math>; but we are not at liberty to separately define the value of the difference, <math>~(R_0 - d)</math>. Instead, we must enforce the toroidal-coordinate relation,

<math>~a^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~R_0^2 - d^2</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{R_0}{a}-1</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ 1 + \delta^2\biggr]^{1 / 2} -1 \, ,</math>

where we have adopted the shorthand notation, <math>~\delta\equiv d/a</math>. Hence,

<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~[ \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 ] \{ \cos\phi \pm [\delta^2 ( \sqrt{1+\delta^2} -1 )^{-2}-\sin^2\phi ]^{1 / 2} \} </math>

Now, in a toroidal coordinate system, there is a similar "radial" coordinate, <math>~\eta</math>, whose value varies with distance from the anchor ring of radius, <math>~a</math>. Its value depends on both <math>~R_0</math> and <math>~d</math> via the relation,

<math>~R_0 = d\cosh\eta \, .</math>

This means that,

<math>~\cosh\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{\delta}\biggl(\frac{R_0}{a}\biggr) = \frac{\sqrt{1+\delta^2}}{\delta} </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 \cosh^2\eta</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~1 + \delta^2</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \delta^2 </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{\cosh^2\eta - 1} = \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \sqrt{1 + \delta^2} </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\sinh^2\eta} \biggr]^{1 / 2} = \coth\eta \, ,</math>

which also means that,

<math>~\frac{r}{a}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~[ \coth\eta -1 ] \biggl\{ \cos\phi \pm \biggl[ ( \cosh\eta -\sinh\eta )^{-2} -\sin^2\phi \biggr]^{1 / 2} \biggr\} \, . </math>

Case of Small Offset

Another way to look at this issue is to go back to the expression,

<math>~d^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0)^2 + 2\biggl[ (R_\mathrm{JPO}-\varpi_0) r\cos\phi \biggr] +r^2 </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \delta^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2 + \frac{r}{a}\biggl[ 2\biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)\biggr] \cos\phi + \biggl(1 - \frac{R_0}{a}\biggr)^2 </math>

and assume that, while still dependent on the radial coordinate, the dimensionless offset is small. That is, assume that,

<math>~\Delta(\delta) \equiv 1 - \frac{R_0(\delta)}{a} \ll 1 \, .</math>

In this case, we can write,

<math>~ \delta^2</math>

<math>~\approx</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr)^2 + 2\Delta(\delta) \biggl( \frac{r}{a} \biggr) \cos\phi +\cancelto{0}{\Delta^2(\delta)} \, . </math>

And differentiating both sides of the expression with respect to <math>~r/a</math> gives,

<math>~0 </math>

<math>~\approx</math>

<math>~2\biggl(\frac{r}{a}\biggr) + 2\Delta(\delta) \cos\phi</math>

COMMENT by Tohline (15 August 2018): I'm not sure that this is leading where I had hoped. I am gearing up to draw a comparison between these last expressions and eq. (74) in Ostriker's (1964) Paper II.


Gravitational Potential

Potential of a Thin Hoop

In §IIb of his Paper II, Ostriker (1964) derives an expression for the gravitational potential of a torus in the Thin Ring approximation, beginning specifically with the integral form of the Poisson equation that is widely referred to in the astrophysics community as an expression for the,

Scalar Gravitational Potential

<math>~ \Phi(\vec{x})</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ -G \iiint \frac{\rho(\vec{x}^{~'})}{|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|} d^3x^' \, .</math>

[BT87], p. 31, Eq. (2-3)
[EFE], §10, p. 17, Eq. (11)
[T78], §4.2, p. 77, Eq. (12)

(Note:   Consistent with the usage favored by his doctoral dissertation advisor in [EFE], throughout his collection of 1964 papers Ostriker adopts a different sign convention as well as a different variable name to represent the gravitational potential.) Employing Ostriker's adopted coordinate system, and recognizing that, "the distance between the point of integration <math>~(0,0,\theta^')</math> and the point of observation <math>~(r,\phi,0)</math>" is,

<math>~|\vec{x}^{~'} - \vec{x}|</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>

Ostriker's (1964) Paper II, p. 1070, Eq. (21)

this expression for the gravitational potential becomes,

<math>~ \Phi(r,\phi)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -G \int \int \rho(r^',\phi^') r^' (R+r^'\cos\phi^') dr^' d\phi^' \int \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} } </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -G (2\sigma R) \int_0^\pi \frac{d\theta^'}{[4R(R+r\cos\phi) \sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^') + r^2]^{1 / 2} } </math>

WolframAlpha result

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \int_0^\pi \frac{\tfrac{1}{2}d\theta^'}{[1 +n^2\sin^2(\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^')]^{1 / 2} } </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{4G \sigma R}{r} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} \biggr] \, ,</math>

Ostriker's (1964) Paper II, p. 1070, Eq. (22)

where,

<math>~n^2 \equiv \frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2}</math>

    and    

<math>~k \equiv \biggl[ \frac{n^2}{n^2+1} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

Ostriker's (1964) Paper II, p. 1070, Eq. (23)

Mapping back to cylindrical coordinates, for the moment, we recognize that,

<math>~r^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ n^2 + 1</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{4R\varpi + (\varpi - R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} = \frac{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}{(\varpi - R)^2 + z^2} \, .</math>

Acknowledging as well that the mass of Ostriker's "thin hoop" is, <math>~M = 2\pi \sigma R</math>, his expression for the potential becomes,

<math>~\Phi(\varpi,z)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2G M}{\pi} \biggl[ \frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2}} \biggr] \, ,</math>

where,

<math>~k</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \frac{4R\varpi}{(\varpi + R)^2 + z^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

After adopting the variable association, <math>~R \leftrightarrow a</math>, it is clear that Ostriker's derived expression is identical to the Key Equation that we have identified elsewhere as providing the,

Gravitational Potential in the Thin Ring (TR) Approximation Contours for Thin Ring Approximation

LSU Key.png

<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(\varpi,z)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~-\biggl[ \frac{2GM}{\pi } \biggr]\frac{K(k)}{\sqrt{(\varpi+a)^2 + z^2}}</math>

<math>\mathrm{where:}~~~k \equiv \{4\varpi a/[ (\varpi+a)^2 + z^2]\}^{1 / 2}</math>

Series Expansion

In the context of Ostriker's expression for the potential, we see that,

<math>~(k')^{-2} \equiv \biggl[ \frac{1}{1-k^2}\biggr]= n^2 + 1</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{4R(R+r\cos\phi)}{r^2} + 1 </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl( \frac{2R}{r}\biggr)^2 \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr] \, . </math>

Hence, in the vicinity of the ring where <math>~r/R \ll 1</math> and <math>~k'</math> is a "small parameter," we can draw on the binomial theorem and write,

<math>~(k')^m</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2\biggr]^{-m / 2} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 -\frac{m}{2} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr] + \frac{1}{2}\biggl[ -\frac{m}{2}\biggl( -\frac{m}{2}-1\biggr) \biggr]\biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{r}{2R}\biggr)^2 \biggr]^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{2^m}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{m} \biggl\{ 1 - \biggl(\frac{m}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{m}{2^3}\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 + \frac{m}{4}\biggl( \frac{m}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi \biggr]^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, . </math>

Note, in particular, that,

<math>~\frac{1}{k'}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~2\biggl( \frac{R}{r}\biggr) \biggl\{ 1 + \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \biggl(\frac{1}{2^3}\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 - \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl[\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi \biggr]^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{2R}{r} \biggl\{ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} \, ; </math>

<math>~k'</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{r}{2R} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] \, ; </math>       and,

<math>~(k')^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (4\cos^2\phi - 1 ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] \, . </math>

Next we recognize that the following series expansion for the complete elliptic integral of the first kind — written in terms of the small parameter, <math>~k'</math> — appears, for example, as eq. (8.113.3) in the Fourth Edition of Gradshteyn & Ryzhik (1965):

<math>~K(k)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} \biggr){k'}^2 + \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} \biggr){k'}^4 </math>

 

 

<math>~ + \biggl( \frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}\biggr)^2 \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{2}{1\cdot 2} - \frac{2}{3\cdot 4} - \frac{2}{5\cdot 6} \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^2 + \frac{3^2}{2^6} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{7}{6} \biggr){k'}^4 + \frac{5^2}{2^8} \biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - \frac{37}{30} \biggr){k'}^6 + \cdots </math>

[This series expansion — up through the term <math>~\mathcal{O}(k'^4)</math> — appears as equation 24 in Ostriker's (1964) Paper II.] Put together, then, Ostriker's expression for the gravitational potential in the thin ring approximation becomes,

<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r} k' K(k) </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r} \biggl[ k' \ln \frac{4}{k^'} + \frac{1}{2^2}\biggl( \ln\frac{4}{k^'} - 1 \biggr){k'}^3 + \cdots \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] - \frac{1}{4} k'^3 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi r} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] - \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{3} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi - \biggl(\frac{3}{2^3}\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 + \frac{3}{4}\biggl( \frac{3}{2} + 1\biggr) \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\cos\phi \biggr)^2 + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr] + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{2GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ k' + \frac{k'^3}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r} - \frac{1}{2^5}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} \biggl[ 1 - \biggl(\frac{3}{2}\biggr) \frac{r}{R}\cos\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^2}{R^2}\biggr) \biggr] + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^5}{R^5}\biggr) \biggr\}\, , </math>

where, again, we have recognized that the mass of the thin hoop is, <math>~M = 2\pi\sigma R</math>. Now,

<math>~ k' \biggl[ 1 + \frac{k'^2}{2^2} \biggr] \frac{R}{r}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{1 + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} - \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^3\cos\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^4}{R^4} \biggr) \biggr] \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl\{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^5} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] \, ; </math>

and, given that,

<math>~\ln[a (1+x)] = \ln a + \ln(1+x)</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln a + x - \tfrac{1}{2}x^2 + \tfrac{1}{3}x^3 - \tfrac{1}{4}x^4 + \cdots </math>

we also have,

<math>~\ln \frac{4}{k'}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr) + \ln\biggl[ 1 + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr) + \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{1}{2} \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^2 </math>

 

 

<math>~ + \frac{1}{3}\biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]^3 + \cdots </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr) + \biggl[\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 \sin^2\phi \biggr] - \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \ln\biggl(\frac{8R}{r} \biggr) + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \, . </math>

So our series expansion for Ostriker's "thin ring" potential becomes,

<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{4}{k^'} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] </math>

 

 

<math>~ + \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr]\biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 3 \cos^2\phi -1 ) + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] </math>

 

 

<math>~ - \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{ \ln \frac{8R}{r} \biggl[ 1 - \frac{r}{2R}\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^4} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 ( 6 \cos^2\phi - 1) + \mathcal{O}\biggl(\frac{r^3}{R^3} \biggr) \biggr] </math>

 

 

<math>~ + \frac{1}{2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)\cos\phi + \frac{1}{2^3} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2 (1 - 2\cos^2\phi ) - \frac{1}{2^2} \biggl(\frac{r}{R}\biggr)^2\cos^2\phi - \frac{1}{2^4}\biggl( \frac{r}{R}\biggr)^{2} + \mathcal{O}\biggl( \frac{r^3}{R^3}\biggr) \biggr\} \, . </math>

Finally, dropping the explicit mention of all terms <math>~\mathcal{O}(r^3/R^3)</math> and smaller gives the series expansion formulation presented by Ostriker, namely,

<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r} - \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi ~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} ( 6 \cos^2\phi - 1) + (1 - 8\cos^2\phi ) \biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} </math>

 

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{\ln \frac{8R}{r} - \frac{r}{2R}\biggl[ \ln \frac{8R}{r} - 1\biggr]\cos\phi ~+~ \frac{r^2}{2^4R^2} \biggl[ \biggl(2\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 3 \biggr) + \biggl( 3\ln\frac{8R}{r} - 4 \biggr)\cos 2\phi \biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} \, . </math>

Ostriker's (1964) Paper II, p. 1071, Eq. (25)

The Dimensionless Radial Coordinate, ξ, and Smallness Parameter, β

As we have reviewed separately, when researchers in the astrophysics community discuss the structure of spherical polytropes, the

Lane-Emden Equation

LSU Key.png

<math>~\frac{1}{\xi^2} \frac{d}{d\xi}\biggl( \xi^2 \frac{d\Theta_H}{d\xi} \biggr) = - \Theta_H^n</math>

invariably arises, as it is the governing 2nd-order ODE whose solution, <math>~\Theta_H(\xi)</math>, defines the internal structure of spherically symmetric equlibrium configurations. Traditionally, as well, the dimensionless radial coordinate,

<math>~\xi \equiv \frac{r}{a_n} \, ,</math>

is defined in terms of <math>~a_n</math>, which is a natural length scale of the (spherical) problem. Equation (42) of Ostriker's (1964) Paper II provides the traditional definition of <math>~a_n</math>. It is therefore not surprising that, even though Ostriker's set of 1964 papers deal largely with the equilibrium and stability of ring-like configurations, he adopts a similar definition for the dimensionless radial coordinate; specifically, eq. (5) of Paper II states that,

<math>~\alpha \xi \equiv r \, .</math>

But, of course, in the context of Ostriker's presentation, <math>~r</math> is not a spherical radial coordinate but is, rather, as defined above; and <math>~\alpha</math> is of the same order as the minor, cross-sectional radius of the torus.

Comment by J. E. Tohline on 17 August 2018: There appears to be a typographical error in the definition of β that is provided by equation (6) in §IIa of Ostriker's Paper II. The published equation defines β as the ratio of α to r rather than, as we have indicated here, as the ratio of α to R. Equation (77) on p. 1078 of Paper II confirms this suspicion.

In eq. (6) of Paper II, Ostriker also defines the dimensionless parameter,

<math>~\beta \equiv \frac{\alpha}{R} \, ,</math>

where <math>~R</math> is associated with the major radius of the ring. Then he states that, "… since <math>~\alpha \ll R</math> (by hypothesis), we may be sure that <math>~\beta \ll 1</math> …"

With the definitions of these two dimensionless parameters in hand — and, more specifically, after appreciating that,

<math>~\frac{R}{r} = \frac{1}{\beta\xi} ~~~\Rightarrow ~~~ \ln\frac{8R}{r} = \biggl[ \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - \ln\xi \biggr] </math>

— we can follow Ostriker's lead and rewrite his derived expression for <math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}</math> in the form,

<math>~\Phi_\mathrm{TR}(r,\phi)\biggr|_\mathrm{JPO}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\frac{GM}{\pi R} \biggl\{ \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - \ln\xi + \frac{\beta\xi}{2}\biggl[ - \biggl( \ln\frac{8}{\beta} -1 \biggr) + \ln\xi \biggr]\cos\phi </math>

 

 

<math>~ +~ \frac{\beta^2\xi^2}{2^4} \biggl[ \biggl(2 \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - 3 - 2\ln\xi \biggr) + \biggl( 3 \ln\frac{8}{\beta} - 4 - 3\ln\xi \biggr)\cos 2\phi \biggr] ~+ ~\cdots \biggr\} \, . </math>

Ostriker's (1964) Paper II, p. 1071, Eq. (26)

See Also

The following quotes have been taken from Petroff & Horatschek (2008):

§1:   "The problem of the self-gravitating ring captured the interest of such renowned scientists as Kowalewsky (1885), Poincaré (1885a,b,c) and Dyson (1892, 1893). Each of them tackled the problem of an axially symmetric, homogeneous ring in equilibrium by expanding it about the thin ring limit. In particular, Dyson provided a solution to fourth order in the parameter <math>~\sigma = a/b</math>, where <math>~a = r_t</math> provides a measure for the radius of the cross-section of the ring and <math>~b = \varpi_t</math> the distance of the cross-section's centre of mass from the axis of rotation."

§7:   "In their work on homogeneous rings, Poincaré and Kowalewsky, whose results disagreed to first order, both had made mistakes as Dyson has shown. His result to fourth order is also erroneous as we point out in Appendix B."

  1. Shortly after their equation (3.2), Marcus, Press & Teukolsky make the following statement: "… we know that an equilibrium incompressible configuration must rotate uniformly on cylinders (the famous "Poincaré-Wavre" theorem, cf. Tassoul 1977, &Sect;4.3) …"


 

Whitworth's (1981) Isothermal Free-Energy Surface

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